Technology Portfolio

Bonneville Power Administration’s emerging technologies [ET] program focuses on opportunities with the greatest potential return on investment for our customers. Our ET program conducts research and demonstration projects to understand readiness, availability, energy efficiency, and other factors of success in regional conservation programs. We rely on a wide range of methods, including survey, laboratory testing, field monitoring, product demonstration, market study, and other strategic planning techniques.

Space Conditioning (Residential Buildings)

Traditional ducted, split system heat pumps have constant-speed compressors. Ducted, variable-speed split system heat pumps incorporate variable-speed compressors, variable-speed indoor and outdoor blowers, and linear expansion valves (versus thermostatic, two-position valves) into traditional ducted split systems. The variable-speed features allow the equipment to operate at the actual load and not cycle on/off, resulting in energy savings of 20 to 66 percent for the HVAC system. The variable speed features also substantially extends the equipment life.
This technology is best used in a retrofit situation with existing air ducts in good condition. Incorporation of a variable speed compressor into a ducted system will save significant energy over a constant-speed unit with energy savings as high as 40 percent. Split systems should be designed and controlled to minimize the use of strip heat and make sure the ductwork is well sealed.
Current Stage: Approved for Implementation. See BPA Energy Efficiency Implementation Manual for measure and program details.

ET Projects

Field Test of Carrier Greenspeed Split System Heat Pump

Abstract

The residential variable capacity heat pump (VCHP) study evaluated the field performance of variable capacity heat pumps to provide reliable estimates of energy use and savings. The field study measured the system performance at six houses over eight weeks. On top of the field study findings, the project developed the analytical tools necessary to evaluate VCHP energy use on an annual basis. A comparison of the field data to lab data show good agreement.

Overall, the field project showed that the VCHP systems are efficient and perform at higher levels than single speed systems. The modeled performance based on the field data suggests a 25-30% improvement. In contrast, the measurements showed that duct losses are larger for variable speed systems because they operate at lower airflows. The losses, however, are only ~5% greater. Taken as a whole, the VCHP and duct system provide improvements over a federal minimum single-speed system.

A further central finding is, just like single speed air-source heat pumps, the equipment size, auxiliary resistance heat controls, and thermostat setback behavior still matter. Although the VCHP is able to boost its heating output at lower temperatures, the equipment still needs to be properly sized for the house heating load

Project Team
BPA: Jack Callahan
Ecotope

Timeline
2013 - 2014

Reports

Ecotope Residential VCHP Field Study

Field Test of Ducted Variable-capacity Heat Pumps in TVA's Campbell Creek Homes

Abstract

This project provided new insight and data on the operation of variable-capacity heat pumps in ducted, residential applications for energy conservation and demand response. BPA teamed up with ORNL, TVA, and other utilities to evaluate the energy savings potential of variable capacity heat pumps at TVA's Campbell Creek Energy Efficient Homes in Knoxville, TN. The research homes are equipped with automated devices and temperature and humidity sensors that mimic typical behavior in residential environments.

Project Team

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)

Timeline

2012 - 2014

Reports

Variable Capacity Heat Pump Tech Roadmap

Abstract
The Variable Capacity Heat Pump Measure Development Roadmap is one of the first outcomes of a structured process to identify research and development needs for emerging, energy-efficient technologies in the Pacific Northwest. This Roadmap is essentially a snapshot of stakeholders' current perspectives in regard to a shared research agenda for the next twenty years. Supported by the Portland State University Department of Engineering and Technology Management and the Washington State University Extension Energy Program, 35 experts from 20 organizations have participated to date. The roadmap is a living document that is continuously refined with new knowledge. It is intended as a living document, continuously refined as we move forward.

In support of BPA's Technology Innovation initiative, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) will design and construct atest stand with five climate chambers. This test stand will be used to gather data on performance of three advanced heat pump systems with variable refrigerant flow and heat recovery capability (VRF HR). Performance maps for these three VRF HR systems will be used to improve modeling software for simulation of building energy use. This project helps address gaps for Variable Refrigerant Flow systems identified in the National Energy Efficiency Technology Roadmap Portfolio.

Project Team
BPA: Mira Vowles
Portland State University: Ibrahim Iskin
Northwest Power and Conservation Council

Timeline
2009 – Ongoing

Reports

Designs of Test Stand and Experiment for VRF Systems with Heat Recovery (2011)
Variable Capacity Heat Pump Measure Development Roadmap (2011)

Measure Summary Report for Variable Capacity Heat Pumps

Abstract
BPA contracted EES Consulting of Kirkland, Washington to perform secondary research and provide estimates of efficiency improvements through the application of variable capacity heat pump technology in the Northwest. The report summarizes a set of technical options of interest efficiency programs in the Pacific Northwest. EES estimates five average megawatts of electricity could be saved by heating and cooling buildings in the Pacific Northwest with variable capacity heat pumps.

Project Team
BPA: Mira Vowles
EES Consulting

Timeline
2009 – 2011

Reports

Measure Summary Report: Variable Refrigerant Flow (2011)

Additional Resources

Monmouth-year-3-04-26-12-FINALVariable capacity equipment is usually more efficient than equipment that can only operate at constant speed or capacity. Ductless mini-split systems, utilize variable-speed inverter-driven compressors and fans. can save significant energy for most applications where the load changes with the seasons and time of day.
Heat pumps with variable speed compressors have been available in other countries for many years, commanding more than 80% of the commercial and residential market combined in Japan, Europe and China. This technology is now widely available in the U.S from multiple manufacturers

Current Stage: Approved for Implementation. See BPA Energy Efficiency Implementation Manual and BPA Residential Programs page for measure and program details.

ET Projects

Assessment of Ductless Mini-Split Heat Pump Energy Savings in Stack House Apartments

Abstract
This project examined energy use and savings of ductless heat pumps (DHP) in a new, mid-rise multifamily building in Seattle. Of the 279 apartments in the complex, 93 had DHPs and 186 did not. The analysis compared the energy use between the two groups using industry-standard temperature-energy regression techniques. The project found very low overall energy use which led to challenges in the analysis. Nevertheless, the best estimates of heating energy showed 500 kWh/yr for studios, 1,000 kWh/yr for one bedrooms, and 1,500 kWh/yr for two bedrooms. The corresponding best estimate for savings showed 350 kWh/yr. In addition to the heating energy savings, the occupants used the DHPs for cooling which added to the overall energy and reduced overall savings.

Project Team

BPA: Robert Weber
Ecotope

Timeline
2014 – 2016

Reports

Assessment of Ductless Mini-Split Heat Pump Energy Savings in Stack House Apartments (2016)

Field Test of Ductless Heat Pumps in Residences and Small Commercial Buildings

AbstractThe purpose of this project is to evaluate the costs and benefits of ductless heating and cooling in several types of buildings. We have installed and are monitoring energy use by ductless heat pumps in several locations throughout the Pacific Northwest. This pilot study will investigate efficiency of ductless heating and cooling relative to other systems, including electric, forced-air furnaces. Through engineering analysis, we will also evaluate the coefficient of performance (COP) of cold-climate products in single-family and manufactured homes.

Applications examined in this work include:

Multi-family homes with zonal, electric heat
Manufactured homes with electric forced-air furnaces
Single-family homes with electric forced-air furnaces
Small, commercial-use buildings
Cold-climate ductless heat pumps in single-family and manufactured homes

Project Team
BPA: Kacie Bedney and Mark Johnson
Ecotope

Timeline
2010 – 2012

Reports

Field Test of Ductless Heat Pumps in Single-Family Homes

Abstract
Beginning in 2007, Bonneville Power Administration sponsored a small pilot project aimed at demonstrating the feasibility of ductless heat pumps for displacement of electricity demand from zonal electric space heating in single-family homes. Fourteen ductless heat pumps were installed in 2007 and early 2008 at locations in Oregon and Washington. Seven of the homes in Oregon were continuously monitored from early 2008 through September 2011.

The average, weather-normalized, decrease in energy use for home space heating at 11 Monmouth sites was 4,200 kWh/year. This study also found that the seasonality of domestic hot water loads may be overestimated by the standard approach used in analysis of electricity bills. Billing analysis is improved substantially when bills are available over a three-year period. Supplemental space heating provided by 120V plug-in heaters can be significant. Cooling loads could negatively impact overall efficiency of heating and cooling. Direct metering of cooling equipment will allow this effect to be better quantified.

Project Team
BPA: Kacie Bedney, Adam Hadley, Jack Callahan, Mark Johnson, Sarah F. Moore

Timeline
2007 – 2012

Reports

Laboratory Test of a Fujitsu Ductless Heat Pump

Abstract
Because of the interaction between the compressor speed, the fan speed and the remote control, the actual performance of ductless heat pumps is difficult to assess. This project tested the performance of a variable-speed, Fujitsu ductless heat pump under laboratory conditions. As an alternative metric, this project measured heating and cooling efficiency versus outdoor temperature for both cooling and heating.

Overall, the performance of the Fujitsu ductless heat pump was remarkable during part-load operation. Our findings show the system performed better than manufacturer’s ratings. When the coefficient of performance was converted to Energy Efficiency Rating (EER) using a conversion factor, we found an EER of about 17. These results covered all operating conditions within 5°F of the outdoor temperature, the standard for EER evaluation used by U.S. Department of Energy.

Project Team
BPA: Kacie Bedney, Jack Callahan, Sarah F. Moore, Mark Johnson

Timeline
2008 – 2009

Reports

Mini-Split Ductless Heat Pump Bench Test Results – Fujitsu (2009)

Additional Resources

Technical support, training, and marketing assistance are available at NW Ductless Project Website
BPA ET Showcase Webinar: HVAC in Multifamily Buildings (2016)

DMS heat pump systems use outdoor units similar to ductless heat pump (DHP) systems, with a small indoor fan coil unit and ductwork typically installed in suspended ceiling “chase” areas in the conditioned space to deliver heating and cooling to different rooms (e.g., bedrooms on the same hall). Heating or cooling rooms through one zone in a short-run ducted system is less expensive than individual DHPs for each room because two or more zones use the same fan coil unit. DMS concealed units are not as efficient as DHPs due to fan energy required to overcome the additional static pressure of the ducts that are connected to the DMS. Ducts must be properly sized and installed to overcome the system’s inherent lower external static pressure (ESP).

Current Stage: Approved for Implementation. See BPA Energy Efficiency Implementation Manual for measure and program details.

ET Projects

Ducted Mini Split Testing in the PNNL Lab Homes

Abstract
This project will provide an unbiased evaluation of the performance of ducted mini-split heat pumps compared to electric resistance heat and a ductless mini-split with baseboard heaters in each bedroom. This evaluation will take place in the PNNL Lab Homes in Richland, WA.
The research questions that will be answered through this experiment include:
1. What is the temperature distribution and HVAC energy use in each home, when ducted mini-splits are set up in two different scenarios:
     a. Ducted to each room
     b. Ducted to bedrooms only with ductless in living room
2. What is the energy savings of a ducted mini-split system, assuming the temperature is adequately distributed around the home compared to:
     a. Electric resistance heat
     b. Ductless heat pump in the living room with electric resistance heat in the bedrooms

Prior to the start of the experiment, an EnergyPlus model for the ducted mini-split system will be developed. This model will be used to understand the expected results from the experiment and help analysts determine if any final adjustments should be made to adequately capture the true range of performance on the system. The experiment will be designed and executed in a manner that is helpful to calibrate the EnergyPlus model for ducted mini-splits. This model will allow energy savings extrapolation to other climate regions across the Northwest and the United States.

Project Team
BPA: Janice Peterson
PNNL: Cheryn Metzger

Timeline
2016 – 2017

Additional Resources

BPA, in collaboration with regional and national partners, is investigating the potential benefits of advanced learning thermostats in residential applications. Our work to date has demonstrated that certain products can increase the efficiency of energy use by HVAC systems. Beginning in 2017, BPA will reimburse its customers for incentive programs for qualifying products.

Smart learning thermostats are still an emerging technology and looking forward, BPA will continue to research products in this category and investigate how data from these devices can be used for measuring and verifying impact on energy use. BPA is also continuing to evaluate energy savings in field trials and investigate how homeowners and utilities can benefit from use of this technology for demand response and other opportunities.

ET Projects

Methods for Measuring the Efficiency of Smart Thermostats

Abstract

Traditional, ‘gold-standard’ methods for emerging technology assessment – such as randomized, controlled trials – are not well applied to a new generation of software-based controls and related services. BPA and EPRI are seeking to develop a unit of efficiency measurement for residential HVAC controls and methods for its evaluation, during operation, by analyzing data from networked thermostats - essentially a rating system, like "miles per gallon."

New learning for the industry and the public are intended to come about by addressing the project’s key research questions, which have not yet been answered through empirical research: How can the data from networked thermostats be used to evaluate the energy efficiency of these devices on a continual basis? What are appropriate evaluation methods today and how can they be adapted as this emerging technology matures? We envision these methods being used by home owners and their representatives to periodically measure the performance of smart thermostats, detecting the influence of mechanical problems, software upgrades, or other system changes.

Project Team

BPA: Jack Callahan
Electric Power Research Institute

Timeline
2013 - 2016

Evaluating the Efficiency and Demand Response Potential of Smart Thermostats

Abstract

In a research effort led by EPRI, BPA is collaborating with electric utilities across the United States to examine the potential benefit and cost of smart thermostats to grid operators. Through technical review, extensive field trials across the country, and other methods, EPRI hopes to measure and verify the impact of smart thermostats on HVAC energy use and evaluate the potential for homeowners to participate in markets for short-term load management services. This project offers the opportunity to pool and compare data across different utility and technology contexts, therefore contributing a larger breadth of results than any single one-off evaluation.

Project Team

BPA: Robert Weber
Electric Power Research Institute

Timeline
2013 - 2017

Field Test of Nest Smart Thermostat with Franklin PUD

Abstract

In partnership with BPA, Franklin Public Utilities District conducted a field test of smart thermostats for air-source heat pump control in Pasco County, Washington. 173 Nest Learning Thermostats were installed with the goal of evaluating the thermostat’s ability to control air source heat pumps for residential space conditioning. Evaluation methods include pre/post regression analysis of utility bills. Nine homes were submetered to better understand thermostat operation and user interaction. Household energy use in subsequent cooling and heating seasons were compared to energy use under similar weather conditions prior to installation.

Project Team

BPA: Robert Weber
Franklin PUD: Todd Blackman

Timeline
2013 - 2016 (Completed)

Reports

BPA Smart Thermostat Evaluation: “Nest Learning Thermostat Pilot Program Savings Assessment (2016)

Smart Residential Thermostats Technical Advisory Group

Washington State University Energy Extension Program convened a Technical Advisory Group (TAG) to review and discussed features of smart residential thermostats. TAG members assess the feasibility of Smart Residential Thermostats as an energy-saving technology for the Pacific Northwest. With TAG members' help, BPA identifies research questions to consider for further assessment and evaluation of emerging technologies.

Timeline
2012 - 2013

Reports

Additional Resources

Low-emissivity (Low-e) windows use insulated glass with a special coating to reduce the amount of heat energy, or infrared radiation, that is transmitted through the window. Storm windows with low emissivity and high visible transmittance reduce heat loss in the winter and pass visible light into the building, preserving views and eliminating the gloom associated with alternative methods, such as insulating shades.
BPA is currently offering incentives for retrofit applications in single-family, multi-family, and manufactured housing. Attachments Energy Rating Council (AERC) certification and ENERGY STAR specification are expected in 2017.

Current Stage: Approved for Implementation. See BPA Energy Efficiency Implementation Manual for measure and program details.

Additional Resources

An average of 40 percent of residential winter heating energy is lost through windows. Small commercial buildings have a similar problem. Window treatments have long been used to provide functional and aesthetic additions to existing windows. Exterior shutters, for instance, protect expensive glazing from extreme winds, branches and other storm hazards, and provide an attractive exterior feature. Similarly, drapes provide privacy, can reduce light infiltration, and help reduce winter heat loss, when drawn closed.

BPA is looking at the insulation value of cellular window shades, which incorporate a honeycombed cross section with air-trapping pockets, and automated controls for interior window shades that respond to available sunlight and need for controlling solar heat gain and glare.

Current Stage: Emerging Technology Assessment

ET Projects

Testing the Performance and Dynamic Control of Energy-Efficient Cellular Shades

Abstract
The project team will test the energy performance and demand reduction capabilities of the high-efficiency cellular shading devices and associated automated control strategies in the PNNL matched pair of laboratory homes (Lab Homes). The matched pair of homes (i.e., a baseline home and an experimental home) is identical in construction and thermal performance and are equipped with automated occupancy simulators, end-use metering, and environmental sensors. The windows within the experimental Lab Home will be modified to include cellular shades with automated controls. Both the thermal impacts due to the window attachments and the impact of automated controls on peak reduction and responsiveness will be tested in the Lab Homes and also in the Electronic Systems and Measurement Laboratory at PNNL.

In the energy performance (first) experiment, PNNL will determine the energy performance of a range of different low-cost cellular shading devices (in the experimental home) with various characteristics (e.g., U-factors and solar heat-gain coefficient). The HVAC load reduction resulting from the use of low-cost cellular shading technologies will be compared to the load in the baseline home, which will not be equipped with window attachments. Each home will be identically operated to simulate occupancy (e.g., hot water usage, heating/cooling, etc.). Using Hunter Douglas operable cellular shades and modified automated controllers, a second and third experiment will be conducted to examine the effect of different operating schedules of attachments and coordination with HVAC demand-response events, respectively.

Project Team
BPA: Robert Weber
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance
Hunter Douglas
Energy Solutions

Timeline
2016 – 2018

Reports

TI Project 392 Brief

Evaluation of Cellular Shades in the PNNL Lab Homes

Abstract
To examine the energy performance of cellular shade window coverings, a field evaluation was undertaken in a matched pair of all-electric, factory-built “Lab Homes” located on the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) campus in Richland, Washington. To assess the performance of high-efficiency window attachments in a residential retrofit application, the energy use of each home was compared during the 2015-2016 winter heating season and both the 2015 and 2016 summer cooling seasons. Hunter Douglas Duette® Architella® Trielle™ opaque honeycomb “cellular” shades were installed on the interior side of the windows in the experimental home. The baseline home included two scenarios: one with no window coverings and the other with standard typical white vinyl horizontal blinds. Different operational schedules were tested to help understand this effect on the HVAC energy use.

Project Team
BPA: Robert Weber
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance
U.S. Department of Energy

Timeline
2015-2016

Reports

Evaluation of Cellular Shades in the PNNL Lab Homes (2016)

Additional Resources

BPA ET Showcase Webinar: Residential Window Treatments (2013)

Assessment of Advanced Ventilation for Multifamily Buildings

Abstract
BPA staff is developing a new project to evaluate improved ventilation systems for a high performance construction mid-rise low income housing project in Everett, Washington. The proposed building plan includes a very tight envelope construction details and heat recovery ventilation in the units. BPA and project partners hope to research the mixed use of both heat recovery ventilators and through-the-wall push/pull type heat exchangers. The push/pull technology is new in our region. This technology uses paired, through-the-wall, fan-powered heat exchangers with ceramic cores. One of the paired units is exhausting, while the other is supplying air to the room (10-20 CFM). After about a minute, the fans reverse. In the process, the ceramic cores heat up and cool down to transfer heat from the warmer air stream to the cooler air stream.

Project Team
BPA: Robert Weber

Timeline
2017 –

Field Evaluation of High Performance Windows for Manufactured Housing (TI Project #182)

Abstract
BPA worked with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to design and evaluate high performance, energy efficient windows for manufactured homes. This field evaluation monitored the energy performance to demonstrate the cost effectiveness and improve the overall efficiency of manufactured homes in the Northwest to help BPA meet its regional energy saving goals.

Project Team
BPA
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)

Timeline
2010-2012

Reports
TIP 182: Project Brief

Packaged Terminal Heat Pumps with Occupancy Control Field Test

Abstract
Field tests were conducted in a hotel in Whitefish, Montana and a hotel in Spokane, Washington. These two field tests examined the change in electricity use for space heating and cooling after the addition of occupancy-based controls and replacement of existing equipment with packaged terminal heat pumps.

Five key factors of electricity use for space heating and cooling were identified: weather, occupancy rates, heating and cooling efficiency, hotel management practices, and temperature settings of room thermostats. This study found that management practices and behavior of cleaning staff were the greatest determinants of use. When the hotel staff regularly turned off HVAC equipment, automated controls for that purpose were not cost effective. In addition, the coefficient of performance and energy efficiency ratings of packaged, terminal heat pumps must have exceeded a minimum threshold to be a cost-effective replacement for packaged, terminal air conditioners.

Project Team
BPA: Erik Boyer, Jack Callahan, Mira Vowles
EMP2: David Frank

Timeline
2009 - 2011

Reports
Room-based Occupancy Sensors Measurement and Verification, Grouse Mountain Lodge, Whitefish, Montana (2011)

Packaged Terminal Heat Pumps and Room-Based Occupancy Sensors Measurement and Verification, Best Western Peppertree Airport Inn, Spokane, Washington (2010)

Field Test #1 of Cold-Climate Heat Pumps with Staged Compressor

Abstract
To improve the efficiency of electricity as a fuel source for space heating, air-source heat pumps may be installed to displace heating by electric resistance equipment. However, several variables in the design and operation of air-source heat pumps – such as sizing and occupancy control – can limit their efficiency. The ability of cold-climate heat pumps to meet all of a building’s heating needs in sub-freezing temperatures could avoid the need for a secondary heating system. In this field test, a multi-stage air source heat pump, manufactured by Nyle Special Products, was installed as the central forced-air heating system at five residences in the Pacific Northwest and monitored for electricity use during the heating season.

The results of this study show the multi-capacity air-source heat pump is capable of meeting all the heating needs of homes without the use of resistance elements, even in cold-climates. However, the cold-climate heat pumps in this study did not perform as efficiently as standard air-source heat pumps. With a wide network of installers and refinements to the product, it is possible that a cold-climate heat pump could be installed without reliance on electric resistance elements for backup heating.

Project Team
BPA: Adam Hadley, Jack Callahan, Richard Stroh

Timeline
2004 – 2006

Report

In-situ Monitoring of a Multi-stage Air Source Heat Pump in the Pacific Northwest (2006)

Field Test #2 of Cold-Climate Heat Pumps with Staged Compressor

Abstract
Although air-source heat pumps can be used in nearly all parts of the United States, they do not generally perform well over extended periods of sub-freezing temperatures. In regions within the Pacific Northwest with sub-freezing winter temperatures, a standard air-source heat pump may not be cost effective to meet a building’s heating needs. New cold-climate designs of these heat pumps may perform well in these climates. To demonstrate their efficiency, one 4-ton and one 2.5-ton cold-climate heat pump manufactured by Hallowell were installed at residences in McCall, Idaho and Portland, Oregon. Electricity use by each heat pump and other characteristics of performance were monitored and occupant satisfaction was assessed.

Field tests found these Hallowell cold-climate heat pumps were not superior to a standard air-source heat pump. Coefficients of performance for the McCall, Idaho unit were well below industry standard. The product installed in Portland performed with a Heating Seasonal Performance Factor (HSPF) of about 7, which is slightly above the pre-2006 federal minimum standard for air-source heat pumps. Poor performance is explained by product design, faulty outdoor temperature sensors, and sizing of equipment relative to heating load.

Project Team
BPA: Kacie Bedney, Adam Hadley, Jack Callahan
Idaho Office of Energy Resources: Ken Eklund
Ecotope: Bob Davis

Timeline
2007 – 2009

Reports

Analysis of Hallowell Cold-climate Heat Pump Data, McCall, Ida. and Portland, Ore.

(2009)

Space Conditioning (Commercial Buildings)

Commercial HVAC Efficient Pumping Systems (CHEPS) for commercial buildings promise energy savings when replacing constant-speed pumps. CHEPS include integrated, variable-speed, HVAC-system pumps, and controls. Multiple manufacturers offer CHEPS, including Armstrong, Bell & Gossett, Grundfos and Taco. Suitable applications include HVAC pump systems with constant speed pumps that provide water for heating and cooling commercial buildings. Examples include, heating, chilled or condensing water pumps, where the existing pumps are constant speed. Facilities with longer hours of operation, such as hospitals or grocery stores, are good applications because of the higher expected savings.

With variable-speed pumping, savings go well beyond energy and include enhanced performance, improved reliability, and reduced life-cycle cost. For new projects, capital cost is reduced through the elimination of valves, starters, wiring, pneumatic lines, and smaller-diameter piping with bypass lines. Additionally, the use of VFDs permits the use of smaller pumps with lower-horsepower motors, ensuring a tangible bottom-line benefit for building owners.

BPA Emerging Technologies Field Test Announcement

Field Test of Commercial HVAC Efficient Pumping Systems

Abstract
Commercial HVAC Efficient Pumping Systems (CHEPS) for commercial buildings promise energy savings when replacing constant-speed pumps. CHEPS include integrated, variable-speed, HVAC-system pumps, and controls. Multiple manufacturers offer CHEPS, including Armstrong, Bell & Gossett, Grundfos and Taco. Good CHEPS applications include buildings with varying heating and cooling loads and long hours of operation.

This Emerging Technologies Field Test could fully fund up to 10 Commercial HVAC Efficient Pumping Systems(CHEPS), replacing constant-speed pumps ranging in size between 1/3 and 10 horsepower, with the intent of informing a region-wide offering.

Project Team
BPA: Erik Boyer

Timeline
2016 – 2019

Reports

BPA Emerging Technologies Field Test Announcement

Electronically Commutated Motor HVAC Pump Case Study

Abstract
The objective of this project was to provide engineering services, design considerations, and recommended controls sequence for the heat pump condenser loop pump replacement and system upgrades. The new pump had an Electronically Commutated Motor (ECM). The system upgrades consisted of replacing small circulation pumps with 2-way flow control valves at each heat pump.

Project Team
BPA: T.J. Sharkey

Timeline
2014 – 2015

Reports

E3T Assessment Report: ECM Office Pump

Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems are typically all-electric systems that use heat pumps to provide space heating and cooling to building spaces. They are capable of serving multiple zones in a building, each with different heating and cooling requirements. These systems have the ability to modulate the amount of refrigerant sent to each zone in accordance with conditioning requirements. In contrast, conventional HVAC systems deliver air or water and operate on a full-on or full-off schedule.

Compared with air-to-air heat pumps, VRF offers energy savings due to better part-load efficiencies, heat recovery, smaller zones, and reduced duct losses. Annual energy savings depend on climate zone. Using Energy Pro building modeling software, annual heating and cooling energy savings for a 25,000 square foot assisted-living building are estimated at 37 percent in Seattle, 36 percent in Portland, and 29 percent in Billings.

Current Stage: Approved for Implementation. See BPA Energy Efficiency Implementation Manual for measure and program details

Variable Refrigerant Flow Heat Recovery (VRF-HR) system lab testing (TI Project #216)

Abstract
This project develops detailed performance maps of the two primary types of VRF-HR systems: two-pipe and three-pipe. This project will construct a laboratory test facility to test four-zone variable speed VRF Heat Recovery systems over a range of conditions, with a focus on heating performance at lower ambient temperature conditions, where frosting and de-frosting traditionally occurs. Each indoor unit with a thermostat is defined as a zone that allows individual control over temperature and humidity. This performance data will be compared to manufacturers’ data and incorporated into one or more building energy simulation modeling tools. With these energy simulation modeling tools, the energy use of VRF-HR systems can be compared with the energy use of traditional HVAC systems, such as resistance heat, roof top units with gas heat and air conditioning, air to air heat pumps, variable air volume systems, ground source heat pumps. The comparison will allow evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of VRF-HR systems

Project Team
BPA
EPRI
Southern California Edison

Timeline
2010 – 2012

Reports

VC HP PowerPoint
ASHRAE Paper: Multi-Zone Test Facility for Variable Capacity Multi-Split Heat Pump Systems;
Upadhye, Harshal; Domitrovic, Ron (2012); 2012 ASHRAE Transactions 2012 Summer Conference San Antonio.

Multifamily Case Study: Geo-Exchange vs. Variable Refrigerant Flow Space and Water Heating

Abstract
The Puyallup Tribal Housing Authority set out to build 20 low income housing units with high efficiency of energy use, a project called The Place of Hidden Waters. The multifamily units were built in two separate phases with two nearly identical buildings. Phase 1 uses a Geo-Exchange or Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) system in a central heating plant to provide space and domestic water heating for the apartments. Phase 2 uses a central Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) system to provide the same services. This study evaluated energy use by the GSHP and VRF systems, through bill analysis and on-site audits. We estimate the project saved 20 to 30 percent of energy use expected for water heating and space conditioning in typical new multifamily construction. However, the project team anticipated approximately double this level of savings. The shortfall appears to be primarily due to overly conservative heat pump controls with very low temperature set points for hot water.

Also presented in this report are lessons learned and best practices for designers of VRF and GSHP systems as well as for those tasked with measuring the energy efficiency of these custom projects. We recommend the elimination of circulation loops in systems using VRF water heating. Without detailed Measurement and Verification (M&V) data it is very hard to pinpoint or troubleshoot where excessive energy is being used. Pilot or demonstration projects for emerging technologies must be screened to ensure that the technology is appropriate for the project. Without trained staff in a position to monitor the system, new technologies will have a much lower chance of success.

Project Team
BPA: Jack Callahan and Robert Weber
Ecotope

Timeline
2010 – 2014

Reports

Multifamily Case Study: Geo-Exchange vs. VRF Space and Water Heating (2014)

Additional Resources

BPA is exploring a replacement package for roof top HVAC units that includes a variable-capacity heat pump, heatrecovery ventilator, and dedicated outside air system. Heat Recovery Ventilation (HRV) units recover heat from exhaust air and efficiently provide code-required ventilation. The HRV unit sits on the roof, replacing the existing unit (RTU) and uses the existing ductwork. A variable-capacity heat pump system (ie. VRF, DHP, etc.) provides space heating and cooling. By separating ventilation from the heating and cooling system, early proof of concept work predicts HVAC savings between 40 and 80 percent. Good applications include buildings with long operating hours and varying occupancies.

In addition to the significantly lower energy use and peak power demand, additional benefits include improved indoor air quality, greater occupant comfort, simpler and less expensive maintenance (filter changes and HRV core cleaning), alarm notification capability, and greatly reduced greenhouse gas emissions.

Current Stage: Emerging Technology Assessment

ET Projects

Field Test of Roof Top Unit Replacement

Abstract
Testing the viability of replacing a typical rooftop HVAC unit with a variable-capacity heat pump, heat recovery
ventilation, and a dedicated outside air system. This project is a cold-climate installation estimated to save 70 percent of the RTU energy use. Demonstration will inform future streamlined custom measures.

Project Team
BPA: Erik Boyer

Timeline
2016 – 2019

Reports

RTU Details

Additional Resources

BPA Emerging Technologies Field Test Announcement

BPA has assessed advanced control retrofits for rooftop HVAC units in small commercial buildings and retail stores. To maximize electrical energy savings, a full package of ARC features was field-tested, including supply fan control with a variable-frequency drive or fan cycling control, upgraded economizer controls, and remote web control and monitoring. Additional desirable features include demand-controlled ventilation, other control options, and variable compressor operation. Average energy savings were found to be between 25 and 40 percent of the rooftop unit electricity use. While several field-test applications showed higher savings, these were not considered normal applications. The biggest factor found to affect electricity use was the hours of operation.
In addition, a “Lite” package of ARC features was also field-tested, including supply fan control with a variable-frequency drive, and controls to ensure adequate ventilation at low speeds, as required by Mechanical codes. Expected energy savings are between 15 and 30 percent of the rooftop unit electricity use.

Current Stage: Emerging Technology Assessment

ET Projects

Advanced Rooftop Unit Control (ARC) Retrofit Field Test

Abstract
This multi-year research study was initiated to verify the magnitude of energy savings achievable by retrofitting existing packaged rooftop air units (RTUs) with advanced control strategies. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Building Technologies Office (BTO) and Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) conducted this research. PNNL analysis predicted between 24% and 35% electricity savings due to ARC Retrofits of RTUs with gas heat, and savings between 20% and 60% for heat pumps. This analysis was followed by a field test of 66 RTUs on 8 buildings. Of the 66 RTUs, 17 were packaged heat pumps and the rest were packaged air conditioners with gas heat. The eight buildings cover four building types, including mercantile (both retail and shopping malls), office, food sales, and healthcare. These buildings are located in four different climate zones, including warm and coastal climate, mixed and humid climate, mixed and marine climate, and cool and moist climate. One-minute interval data was collected from these 66 units over a 12-month period. During the 12 months of monitoring period, the controls on the RTUs were alternated between standard (pre-retrofit mode) and advanced control modes on a daily basis. The measured actual savings, the normalized annual energy savings, and the savings uncertainties were calculated using the methods described in the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Guideline 14.

The advanced controller reduced the normalized annual RTU energy consumption between 22% and 90%, with an average of 57% for all RTUs. The fractions savings uncertainty was 12% for normalized savings, significantly lower than the average savings. Normalized annual electricity savings were in the range between 0.47 kWh/h (kWh per hour of fan/unit operation) and 7.21 kWh/h, with an average of 2.39 kWh/h.

Project Team
BPA: Mira Vowles
U.S. Department of Energy Building Technologies Office
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Timeline
2011 – 2013

Reports

ARC Retrofit Field Test Results

Advanced Rooftop Unit Controls Lite (ARC Lite) Standard Protocol Development

Abstract
This work verified the savings and the cost-effectiveness of the “Lite” package of ARC Retrofits. This work supported a new evaluated measure through the development of a Standard Protocol.

Timeline
2015-2014

Demonstration of a Demand Response Solution Utilizing Advanced Rooftop Unit Controls

Abstract
This project demonstrated demand response control of roof top units, lighting, miscellaneous electric loads, and electric hot water heaters using the Transformative Wave Technology eIQ building management system (BMS). The goal was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness, feasibility and scalability of both energy efficiency and demand response. The system met day-ahead response, under 10-minute response, and permanent load reduction.

Timeline
2014 – 2015

Advanced Rooftop Unit Controls Retrofits at BPA Facilities

Abstract
BPA completed six rooftop unit retrofits on five BPA buildings using the Transformative Wave Technology Catalyst system. Installations were completed during 2014.

Timeline
2013 – 2014

Resources

Internet-connected thermostats allow users to modify temperatures and schedules remotely and offer the potential for system diagnosis. Products from multiple manufacturers for medium and small commercial buildings cost less than energy management systems. Building owners can use connected thermostats to optimize HVAC energy use, without having to physically be on site.
Most of the electricity savings result from reducing supply fan operation during unoccupied periods, including evenings, holidays and breaks. Since savings are mostly during unoccupied periods, they are indirectly correlated with the number of occupied hours. Energy savings were found to be more dependent on heating system type than building type or heating zone.

Current Stage: Approved for Implementation. See BPA Energy Efficiency Implementation Manual for measure and program details.

ET Projects

Web-enabled, Programmable Thermostats in Portable Classrooms Field Test

Abstract
Several Washington State School Districts installed web-enabled programmable thermostats to control the all-electric, HVAC equipment in their modular classroom buildings, finding significant reductions in electricity use during a typical year. Based on the lessons learned from these School Districts, Bonneville Power Administration funded the development of a Whole-Building Regression Analysis tool to estimate and verify HVAC savings associated with adding web-enabled programmable thermostats to all-electric, modular classroom buildings.

This Whole-Building Regression Analysis tool was found to accurately estimate savings within a 90 confidence interval, when the measure resulted in more than 20 percent reduction in building electricity use and temperature was the primary factor for all significant electric loads.

Project Team
BPA: Mira Vowles
QuEST: William Koran
Clark Public Utilities District

Timeline
2009 – 2011

Reports

Measure Summary Report: Web-Enabled Programmable Thermostats (2011)
Whole Building Regression Analysis Introduction Webinar (video, 2010)
Whole Building Regression Analysis Introduction Slide Show (Power Point slides, 2010)
Whole Building Regression Analysis Tool (Excel workbook, 2010)

Additional Resources

High-efficiency Low-lift Central Cooling System Secondary Research

Abstract
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory investigated the efficiency of electricity use by a prototype low-lift cooling system. In comfort-cooling applications, a higher temperature chilled water supply (60-65 degrees F instead of 50 degrees F) indicates lower lift conditions (or head pressure), which lowers the work required of a compressor. We considered a low-lift chiller the following features:

Peak-load shifting by active or passive thermal energy storage
Dedicated outdoor air supply with enthalpy heat recovery from exhaust air
Radiant heating and cooling panels or floor system
Low-lift vapor compression cooling equipment
Advanced controls at HVAC equipment and supervisory levels

The analysis shows that significant gains in cooling system efficiency can be achieved. Increases in cooling efficiency for a standard-performance building ranged from 47 percent to 84 percent. For a high-performance building, efficiency improvements ranged from 17 percent to 66 percent. This technology could save 5 average megawatts per year over standard practice in new commercial buildings. However, unless the benefits of low-lift cooling systems are significant compared to their cost premium, it is unlikely that these technologies will find widespread acceptance.

Project Team
BPA: Erik Boyer and Jack Callahan
PNNL: Srinivas Katipamula

Timeline
2008 - 2010

Report

Development of High-Efficiency Low-Lift Vapor Compression System - Final Report (2010)

Laboratory Test of Self-correcting Controls for Air Handling Units

Abstract
Packaged, rooftop HVAC equipment are often maintained poorly with degradation of performance and faults only addressed when occupants complain or a unit fails to operate at all. Reactive maintenance of this sort leads to inefficient operation with high energy costs and significant waste. Allowing equipment to operate with faults also often leads to further physical deterioration of the equipment, reducing equipment lifetime, and sometimes complete and catastrophic failure. With the ultimate goal of automating heating, ventilation and air conditioning equipment to detect faults and take corrective action, Pacific Northwest National Laborator (PNNL) developed and tested algorithms that implement self-correction capabilities for sensors, economizer dampers, and damper actuators in building air-handling systems.

Laboratory tests by PNNL showed that automatic self-correction of faults can be successfully performed. However, under some conditions passive detection of a fault may not be possible. The fault isolation process may also reach an incorrect conclusion under some circumstances, most commonly when closed dampers were leaking. This problem may be addressed by modifying the algorithms to automatically account for imperfections in damper sealing.

Project Team
BPA: Kacie Bedney, Tim Steele, Jack Callahan
PNNL: Michael Brambley

Timeline
2008 - 2009

Reports

Measurement and Verification for Retro-Commissioning of Rooftop Units

Abstract
Building on the work of Retro-Commissioning Pilot Projects in 2008 and 2009, Bonneville Power Administration funded development of methods for measuring and verifying the electricity savings that result from retro-commissioning. Methods will be validated through extended metering of electricity use and deeper analysis of key building characteristics. We also detail data collection requirements. Analysis will support refinement of field measurement protocol, with guidance from the Regional Technical Forum.

Project Team
BPA: Jack Callahan and Mira Vowles
Cadmus: David Korn, Joshua Rushton and Kathryn Hile
New Buildings Institute: Howard Reichmuth

Timeline
2010 - 2011 (in progress)

Reports

Regional Technical Forum Rooftop Units Working Group (External site)
BPA Rooftop Unit Pilot Servicing Program Database (2009-2010)

Retro-Commissioning of Rooftop Units Pilot Projects

Abstract
Many existing commercial buildings are thermally conditioned and ventilated by small, packaged rooftop HVAC units. Optimizing the performance of this equipment has significant potential for improving both efficiency and the quality of indoor air in these buildings. During the summers of 2008 and 2009, Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) and its partners examined the energy savings potential of a select package of optimization services. These services were above and beyond normal, preventative maintenance. More than 60 rooftop units were retro-commissioned at 25 sites near Spokane, Washington. In the Puget Sound and Tri-Cities areas in Washington, 200 rooftop units were retro-commissioned at 44 sites.

Efficiency improvements associated with fan cooling averaged 200 kWh per ton annually. But, these savings were not reliable enough to determine a cost-effective regional incentive program. We are optimistic, however, about the energy saving potential of this service protocol. A challenge is observed to balance the required effort of service technicians with the appropriate, cost-effective outcomes. A successful regional incentive program will also motivate building owners to request this service and adequately compensate service contractors performing this valuable work.

Project Team
BPA: Erik Boyer, Jack Callahan, Mira Vowles
Northwest Energy Efficiency Council
PECI

Timeline
2008 - 2009 (in progress)

Reports

BPA Puget Sound RTU Puget Sound Pilot (2009)

Electronically-commutated, permanent-magnet (ECM) motors are more efficient than conventional single-phase, fractional horsepower induction motors because they do not suffer resistance losses from current flow in aluminum rotor bars. As smaller motors have higher losses than larger motors, research in the 1990s focused on small ECM motor design and optimization. Our assessment focuses on programmable ECM motors that are used for indoor blowers and outdoor fans driven by 1/15, 1/10, 1/5, 1/3, ½, ¾, and 1 horsepower motors. These ECM motors have much higher full-load efficiencies than standard or conventional capacitor start/induction run and capacitor start/capacitor run motors. They come with integral controllers or electronic inverters that can control both motor speed and torque, which can result in far greater energy savings in many applications compared with conventional constant-speed motors.
Current Stage: Emerging Technology Assessment

ET Projects

Electronically Commutated Motor HVAC Pump Case Study

Project Team
BPA: T.J. Sharkey

Timeline
2014 – 2015

Reports

Additional Resources

Premium Ventilation Package Proof of Concept and Field Test

Abstract
In one western Oregon location, four packaged rooftop HVAC systems were retrofitted with the goal of improving efficiency of electricity use for ventilation. Improvements include a western premium economizer upgrade, optimum start thermostat, variable speed fan motor, and demand controlled ventilation (DCV). Our research sought to develop standards for cost-effective retrofitting and tools for predicting efficiency following the upgrade. Phase 3 will result in an evaluation of potential for a regional pilot program.

While our study demonstrated significant savings, we identified and addressed several shortcomings. The retrofit protocols were updated to more appropriately match motors and single-phase, variable-speed drives. Acceptance testing was improved based on the complexity of sensors needed for DCV. Programmable, direct digital control thermostats should be tested before pilot program deployment. This should alleviate the difficulties in setting analog or solid state economizer controllers; more reliability and ease of installation could result from a different approach.

Project Team
BPA: Mira Vowles
PECI: Reid Hart
Eugene Water and Electric Board
City of Eugene
Energy Trust of Oregon

Timeline
2008 – 2011 (in progress)

Reports

Premium Ventilation Proof of Concept Report (2012)
Premium Ventilation Proof of Concept Report Appendices (2012)
Expected Value Prescriptive Savings Method (summary document, 2010)
Decision Framework Matrix Report - Task 5 (full report, 2008)
Premium Ventilation Package Testing Short-Term Monitoring Report – Task 7 (2009)
Premium Ventilation Package Testing Pre-Installation Report – Task 5 (2008)

Water Heating

Emerging Tech is working to transform the multifamily water heater market over the next 5-10 years. This includes both retrofit of existing building stock and new construction. Current projects are focused on the development of advanced water heaters with higher performance, efficiency, and demand response support.

The Central Heat Pump Water Heater Work Group (CHPWH-WG)

A national focused multi-disciplinary approach to central the heat pump water heaters (CHPWHs) product development and market transformation is underway. This model is based on 10 years of CHPWH demonstration experience working with developers, municipalities, design firms and manufacturers.

Our vision – By 2026, CHPWHs are the product of choice in 95% of new multifamily construction.

Last April, the CHPWH work group developed an accelerated approach to transform the CHPWH market. Operating as part of the New Building Institute’s (NBI) Advanced Water Heating Initiative (AWHI), the team developed a programmatic approach for managing policy matters, manufacturer engagement and utility program development.

Our strategy, focuses on the new construction multifamily beachhead market in major markets. This represents one of the largest growing sectors across the country and a place where CHPWH systems can gain a stronghold market share. The strategy focuses our product development, training and policy limited resources on one key area.Our success in the new construction multifamily market segment (the proverbial beachhead), will allow CHPWH systems to move on to attract adjacent market segments such as hospitality, commercial and other areas. Each new market segment will leverage the positive outcomes of already acquired customers as a launchpad to win over the new segment.

Our approach focuses on three key areas: PRICE, PRODUCTS and the CUSTOMER.

PRICE – Competitive Product Pricing: The product has to be priced right. Price can be manipulated using two categories of tools: (A) Codes may mandate the products; or (B) Various up, middle or downstream incentives can be applied to make the price competitive with the next best product.

PRODUCTS – Product are fully packaged plug-and-play systems. A CHPWH system includes the compressor, temperature maintenance, mixing valves and storage all operating at a COP of 3 or above. Multiple manufacturers’ must have products available in local markets. Each system must be plug-and-play, be capable of load shifting, and be a low GWP refrigerant. The products must have known quantifiable, repeatable, and persistent energy savings. The program must partner with manufacturers to bring products through the development pipeline and exit with design guidelines, performance maps, and system metrics.

CUSTOMER – Market actors know how to sell, install and operate the system. The ultimate goal is to ensure that every market actor knows how to design, install, commission, operate, and optimize the product AND they want the product. Using a novel stakeholder analysis and change management approach, the team is simultaneously developing model incentives and program offerings while demonstrating product performance and design. The team’s outputs will produce deliverables that address market actor needs. Our approach is continuously engaging stakeholders to ensure rapid and successful market penetration.

The interdisciplinary approach to managing price, product and the customer/market accelerates market transformation. It ensures consistent feedback to manufacturers for product development demonstration and deployment; provides reliable messaging to all market actors; and coordinates engagement in multiple policy forums to successfully shape codes, standards, incentives and specifications.

Join Us!
2021 is going to be a pivotal year for CHPWH systems development. Our teams will be developing the following accomplishments.

Resources

We are assessing high-efficiency electric heat pump water heating systems that use supercritical carbon dioxide as a refrigerant. CO2 heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) were first commercialized in Japan in 2001. Among heat pump water heaters, systems using a CO2 (or R744) refrigerant achieve a coefficient of performance (COP) greater than 3.2 compared to 2-2.5 for standard refrigerants. CO2 HPWHs have a broader range of operating temperatures, allowing the to maintain capacity at low temperatures, with a COP of around 2.0 at 17 degrees F. R744 also has a global warming potential of 1 compared to about 2,000 for typically used refrigerants (like R410).

Current Stage: Emerging Technology Assessment

ET Projects

Field Test of CO2 Heat Pump Water Heater for Residential Pools

Abstract
This field test is to investigating the feasibility of using CO2 Heat Pump Water Heaters to pre-heat water for swimming pools using a electric resistance baseline heater to reduce overall energy use. This field test is focused on a residential application but has the possibility to be applied in commercial applications as well.

Project Team
BPA: Erik Boyer, Shane Ripley
Ecotope: Bob Davis, Ben Larson

Timeline
2016 – 2018

Reports

Final CO2 Pool Heating Meter Plan

Application of Combined Space and Water Heat Pump Systems to Existing Homes for Efficiency and Demand Response

Abstract
The Washington State University (WSU) Energy Program, with its partners, will conduct research on two types of combined space and water heat pumps in field and controlled experiments in existing homes of various efficiencies and climates.

One technology uses CO2 refrigerant and will be tested for performance at six field sites and at the PNNL Lab Homes for efficiency and demand response (DR) capability. The second technology uses a conventional refrigerant and will be field tested at five locations in the region’s hottest and coldest climates as well as in the marine coastal zone. Costs of system installation and energy use will be collected and analyzed. In as many cases as possible, monitoring will be installed prior to installation in order to establish a baseline.

Project Team
BPA: Janice Peterson
WSU: Ken Eklund

Timeline
2015-2017

Reports

Application of Combined Space and Water Heat Pump Systems to Existing Homes for Efficiency and Demand Response First Midterm Field Study Report

TIP: 338 Final Report

TIP 394: Small Scale Multifamily CO2 Heat Pump Water Heater Design & Pilot Study

Abstract
This pilot study will research, design, pilot, verify, and document a heat pump water heating system for small-scale multifamily buildings using CO2-based transcritical refrigeration cycles. The project team will conduct a general system design exercise to support specific building construction and create a system sizing tool. The tool will help contractors and designers find the right balance ofoutput capacity and storage.

This project will add a remarkably low-energy water heating method to the multifamily market. The CO2 heat pump system could use 75% less electricity amounting to an energy savings of 1,444 kWh/yr for each unit served. BPA can incentivize this design concept to help reach its regional energy efficiency targets of output capacity and storage.Ultimately, the intent is tocreate a viable, cost-effective, high-efficiency alternative for water heating in the small multi-family residential market segment.

Project Team
Ecotope, Inc.
Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA)
Sanden International, Inc.

Timeline
2016-2018

Reports

TIP 394: Small Scale Multifamily CO2 Heat Pump Water Heater Design & Pilot Study Project Brief

Combined Space and Water CO2 Heat Pump System Performance Research

Abstract
This project conducted lab and field tests on a prototype combined space and water heat pump system using CO₂refrigerant in energy efficient homes built under NEEA’s Next Step Homes specifications. The research took place over 24 months. The main goal was to determine the performance of the prototype for both space and water heating through a wide range of temperatures and use patterns. Secondary goals include exploring the interaction between space and water loads and the impact on system performance, and logistical findings such as HVAC installer, builder and home occupant response to the systems. The field study began in the fall of 2014 with the installation of the prototypes and continued to collect a full year of data for all sites.

Project Team
BPA: Janice Peterson
WSU: Ken Eklund, PI

Timeline
2014-2016

Reports

Advanced Heat Pump Water Heater Research (TI Project 292)

Abstract
The Sanden GAU CO2 refrigerant, split-system heat pump water heater was tested in both lab tests and at four field sites representing the three heating zones in the Pacific Northwest. This report focuses on the field tests and the data and experience collected over almost two years of monitoring. The test data show these systems can provide the hot water needs of a family of up to seven without backup heat during a cold winter (with low temperatures ranging from almost -16°F in Montana, 2°F in Spokane, and the 20s°F in Portland and Tacoma). The energy needed to heat water in the field study averaged approximately 0.05 kWh per gallon used. This is half the energy needed by standard unitary HPWHs. When the final product is UL listed, it will be tested in the laboratory to confirm performance.

Project Team
BPA: Janice Peterson
Washington State University Energy Program

Timeline
2013 - 2016

Reports

Assessment of Demand Response Potential of Heat Pump Water Heaters

Abstract
This project is a controlled field study and lab test that assessed the demand response (DR) potential of split system and unitary heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) that use carbon dioxide (CO2) refrigerant. The researchers included Washington State University (WSU), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Efficiency Solutions, and Ecotope working with Cascade Engineering Services.

The controlled field test took place at PNNL’s Lab Homes Test Center in Richland, Washington. The configuration of the Lab Homes allowed simultaneous testing of the water heaters under the same weather, interior temperature, and loads. The tests conducted were: baseline measurement; balancing INC, which tests the response of hourly or sub-hourly changes in demand and the available dispatchable power/energy shift associated with it; and oversupply mitigation, which identifies the total dispatchable power, and resulting energy shift, that a noncritical load like water heating can provide during a 3- to 12-hour window. The Lab Homes tests reveal that both the unitary system and the split system HPWHs could provide water at the required temperature at an aggressive 130 GPD draw, and could perform balancing INC consisting of three 1-hour periods without a loss of delivery performance.
With the PNNL Lab Homes program exploring the extreme ends of the draw spectrum, the draw pattern selected for the lab tests was based on the regional average hot water use of approximately 15 gallons per person per day and with an average home occupancy of three. The goal of the lab tests was to identify the impact of DR on hot water delivery, HPWH performance, the dynamic energy storage potential, and controls needed for optimum DR implementation. The DR benefits revealed by these tests indicate that this is a highly efficient technology that can provide high-capacity storage for oversupply mitigation and can facilitate load balancing – in the same 24 hour period if necessary. This operation increases rather than decreases long-term efficiency.

Project Team
BPA: Janice Peterson
WSU: Ken Eklund

Timeline
2013-2015

Reports

Additional Resources

Heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) use electricity to transfer heat from the ambient air to stored water, as opposed to using electric resistance heat or natural gas for water heating. This enables them to be two to three times more energy efficient than conventional electric resistance water heaters. To move the heat, heat pumps work like a refrigerator in reverse. While a refrigerator moves heat from inside a box to ambient air of the surrounding room, a heat pump water heater moves heat from ambient air to water in a storage tank. Water heating typically accounts for 15 to 20 percent of electric energy use in homes with electric water heat. New HPWHs offer the potential to reduce electricity for water heating by 50 percent or more.

HPWHs work best in locations that remain between 40⁰ to 90⁰F year-round and provide at least 1,000 cubic feet of air volume around the water heater. Cool exhaust air can be exhausted to the room or outdoors. Locating the HPWH in an attached garage is ideal, but when installed in an unconditioned space, the lower temperature in the winter will reduce performance. Heat extracted by the HPWH from a conditioned space in the heating season may require more heat input from the existing space heating system.

Current Stage: Approved for Implementation. See BPA Energy Efficiency Implementation Manual for measure and program details.

ET Projects

Demonstration of 2nd Generation Prototype Ducted GE "Brillion" Heat Pump Water Heater in the PNNL Lab Homes (TI Project 262)

Abstract

This project was a field demonstration of energy performance and demand response of ducted and unducted second-generation GE “Brillion” (smart-grid-enabled) heat pump water heaters (HPWH) in the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Lab Homes. Previously, heat pump water heater performance and savings were based entirely on lab testing of individual units and experiments in existing homes.

We conducted testing with two pairs of configurations:(1) a HPWH configured with exhaust ducting vs. an unducted HPWH and (2) a HPWH with both supply and exhaust air ducting vs. an unducted HPWH. In general, installing exhaust-only ducting on a HPWH in conditioned space increased whole-house energy use, while full ducting decreased whole house energy use. Full ducting was observed to substantially mitigate the impact of the HPWH on the HVAC system. The fully ducted HPWH decreased HVAC energy use 8 percent as compared to the Lab Home with an un-ducted HPWH. Although relatively small in comparison to HVAC savings, full ducting increased water heater energy use 4 percent for the HPWH operating in “Heat Pump” mode. In addition, the experimental data indicate that the penalty of installing a HPWH in conditioned space may not be as large as modeling studies suggest, due to the buffering of interior walls resulting in localized cooling in the water heater closet, with very little impact on surrounding interior temperatures.

Project Team

BPA: Kacie Bedney
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
GE Appliances
Northwest Energy Works, Inc

Timeline

2012 – 2014 (Cancelled)

Reports

TIP 262: Demonstration of 2nd Generation Prototype Ducted GE "Brillion" Heat Pump Water Heater in the PNNL Lab Homes

Impact of Heat Pump Water Heaters on Space Conditioning Energy Use and Comfort

Abstract
This recently completed field evaluation of two HPWHs in PNNL Lab Homes was designed to measure the performance and impact of exhaust air on the heating, ventilating and air conditioning system during heating and cooling seasons. We conducted testing with two pairs of configurations: (1) a HPWH configured with exhaust ducting vs. an unducted HPWH and (2) a HPWH with both supply and exhaust air ducting vs. an unducted HPWH. In general, installing exhaust-only ducting on a HPWH in conditioned space increased whole-house energy use, while full ducting decreased wholehouse energy use. Full ducting was observed to substantially mitigate the impact of the HPWH on the HVAC system. The fully ducted HPWH decreased HVAC energy use 8 percent as compared to the Lab Home with an un-ducted HPWH. Although relatively small in comparison to HVAC savings, full ducting increased water heater energy use 4 percent for the HPWH operating in “Heat Pump” mode. In addition, the experimental data indicate that the penalty of installing a HPWH in conditioned space may not be as large as modeling studies suggest, due to the buffering of interior walls resulting in localized cooling in the water heater closet, with very little impact on surrounding interior temperatures.

Project Team

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)

Timeline
October 2012 – September 2014

Field Test of Integrated Heat Pump Water Heaters

Abstract
When integrated with heat pump technology, an efficient water heater can be two to three times more efficient than conventional, electric resistance water heaters. This project installed heat pump water heaters and metering equipment in 40 homes (treatment sites) and metering equipment in an additional 13 homes (control sites) throughout the Pacific Northwest. The purpose of this work was to monitor the homes for efficiency, performance, reliability, electric demand, application issues and customer behavior. This field demonstration was part of a nationwide test of 160+ residential heat pump water heaters, led by Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI).

Project Team
BPA: Kacie Bedney
Electric Power Research Institute
Snohomish Public Utilities District

Timeline
2009 – 2012

Reports

Heat Pump Water Heater Demonstration(2012)

Laboratory Test of Integrated Heat Pump Water Heaters

AbstractWith little cooling load and generally low to moderate temperatures, Northwest climates are not always ideal for heat pump water heaters. Comfortable, reliable energy savings are still possible through careful selection of equipment and location for installing the appliance. Many installations occur in unconditioned buffer spaces that experience cool temperatures much of the year. The compressor must function efficiently under these conditions to create to a sound case for investment.

Three models were thoroughly investigated through laboratory testing and modeling: AO Smith’s Voltex, GE’s GeoSpring, and Rheem’s EcoSense. These reports summarize research findings, identify factors of energy consumption, and estimate operating efficiency and typical annual electricity use in unheated buffer spaces and interior conditioned spaces throughout the Pacific Northwest.

The combined lab and modeling results suggest the determinants of efficient HPWH operation:

Resistance element runtime and operational strategies
Compressor characteristics including efficiency, operating range, and capacity
Tank storage volume relative to hot water load
Ambient air temperature surrounding the HPWH

Project Team
BPA: Kacie Bedney
Ecotope
National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Timeline
2009 - 2011

Reports

Northwest Heat Pump Water Heater Demonstration Project

Abstract
This project installed HPWHs and metering equipment in 40 treatment sites and metering equipment in an additional 13 control sites throughout the Pacific Northwest. The purpose of this work was to monitor the homes for efficiency, performance, reliability, electric demand, application issues and customer behavior. BPA and 14 Northwest utilities partnered with EPRI as part of a national demonstration project that field tested 160 units around the country.

Collaborators

Electric Power Research Institute(EPRI)

Timeline
2009-2012

Additional Resources

BPA is looking at innovative heat pump system designs for water heating in commercial buildings. Air‐to‐water heat pumps can produce domestic hot water at nearly three times the efficiency than electric resistance systems. They also have a side benefit of cooling and as a result the best applications are in facilities that need both domestic hot water and space cooling. Water-to-water heat pumps can produce domestic hot water with even higher efficiencies (COPs of 5 or 6) than air-to-water heat pumps but they don’t have the added value of space cooling, so care should be taken when planning for best system. In addition, employing a CO2-refrigerant system promises to increase performance over a wide range of temperatures, compared to heat pumps using a standard refrigerant. Unlike residential or small commercial heat pump water heaters (HPWH) don’t have an integrated storage tank and large scale HPWHs are offered only by a few manufacturers, including Colmac and Nyle. Suitable applications include facilities (ie. restaurants, hospitals, dorms, multifamily, etc.) that have total daily domestic hot water consumption of 500 gallons per day or more.

BPA has funded or is currently funding field tests of central heat pumps in buildings where heat from underground garage exhaust systems, refrigeration condensers, mechanical rooms and waste water is used to heat domestic water. We are funding additional research on methods to reduce those distribution system losses.

ET Projects

Field Test of High Volume Heat Pump Water Heaters

Air-to-water heat pumps can produce domestic hot water can produce domestic hot water at nearly three times the efficiency of electric resistance systems. They also have a side benefit of cooling and as a result the best applications are in facilities that need both domestic hot water and space cooling. Unlike residential or small commercial heat pump water heaters (HPWH) don’t have an integrated storage tank and high volume HPWHs are offered only by a few manufacturers, including Colmac and Nyle. Suitable applications include facilities (ie. restaurants, hospitals, dorms, multifamily, etc.) that have total daily domestic hot water consumption of 500 gallons per day or more.

Water-to-water heat pumps can produce domestic hot water with even higher efficiencies than air-to-water heat pumps but they don’t have the added value of space cooling, so care should be taken when planning for best system.

This ET Field Test could fully fund up to 5 High Volume Heat Pump Water Heaters, replacing retrofitting electric resistance water heaters with total daily domestic hot water consumption of 500 gallons per day or more, with the intent of informing a region-wide offering.

Participation Details

Please consider participating in this ET Field Test and help fill the pipeline with a new conservation measure. Your participation and feedback is essential to developing technologies and future BPA program offerings.
Interested BPA customer utilities are invited to contact Erik Boyer at ebboyer@bpa.gov, 509-822-4586 for more information.

Waste Water Heat Pump Design and Pilot Study

Abstract
Ecotope, in partnership with Vulcan Real Estate, and Seattle City Light, plans to design, pilot, and verify, a heat pump water heating system for large multifamily buildings using the building sewage as a heat source. The waste water heat pump (WWHP) will recover waste heat streams from the building and heat water for domestic use at extremely high performance levels. The system will be built in a large multifamily building with approximately 400 apartment units.
The equipment under study solves the issue of increasing the space-heating load of residences served by integrated heat pump water heaters. Using CO2 refrigerant technology promises to provide cost-effective high performance over a wide range of temperatures, representing a significant increase in performance over existing heat pump water heater technology.
To develop the WWHP system, Ecotope and partners will conduct the project in three parts:
1) Feasibility research with design concept and Building Energy Flow Model;
2) Full system design for building installation and supporting calculations for incentive funding; and
3) Pilot construction and installation; measurement and verification; and project reporting.

Project Team
BPA: Mira Vowles
Ecotope
Vulcan Real Estate
Seattle City Light

Timeline
2015 – 2018

Reports

TIP 341 Project Brief

Field Test of Domestic Hot Water Recirculation System in Multifamily Residential Buildings

Abstract
BPA funded a field test for a central heat pump water heating system providing domestic hot water to residents in a multifamily building. The results of this project have been good, with the heat pump saving a significant amount of energy compared to traditional electric resistance systems. However, the project results identified that hot water recirculation systems can reduce overall system efficiency by 30 to 40 percent. The distribution systems (hot water storage tanks, distribution piping, and circulation pumping systems) all contribute to losses and are important to understanding energy use by any central system. Thus BPA is continuing investigation to quantify the energy losses associated with typical hot water distribution systems and testing possible solutions with the intent to significantly improve distribution efficiency. This project should be completed in the latter half of 2017.

Project Team
BPA: Robert Weber
For several decades, electric resistance technologies has been the predominant choice for space heating and domestic water heating in multifamily buildings in the Pacific Northwest. Reverse-cycle chillers, which use more efficient air-to-water heat pump technology, may meet these same needs with one-third as much electricity. Although reverse-cycle chillers are commonly used in warmer climates, this technology has limitations in Pacific Northwest due to colder outside air temperatures in the winter. In this study, BPA tested the performance of reverse-cycle chillers in below-grade parking garages in Seattle, Washington, where ambient air may be insulated from cold weather.
The first phase of this study found at least three product lines in the Pacific Northwest that provide cost-effective domestic hot water for multifamily buildings. Electricity-related benefits were found to be significant, including energy use and peak power demand for large, multifamily buildings. Other benefits included freeing up useful space in the building and reduced cost of maintaining the water heating system.

Project Team
BPA: Kacie Bedney
Ecotope

Timeline
2009 – 2016

Reports

Reverse-cycle Chillers for Multifamily Buildings in the Pacific Northwest Final Report (2015)

Reverse-cycle Chiller Best Practices Design Guidelines

Additional Resources

According to the 2016 Residential Building Stock Analysis, there are more than 744,000 units in low-rise
multifamily buildings in the Pacific Northwest. Seventy percent of these dwellings have in-unit domestic
hot water heaters and 87 percent of the water heaters are electric resistance. This represents a savings
opportunity of more than 150 aMW if they could be replaced by heat pump water heaters (HPWH).

The Bonneville Power Administration and Pacific Northwest utilities would like to increase the uptake of
HPWHs in this market and engaged the Washington State University Energy Program to conduct
secondary research to help answer the following questions:

What products are currently available as replacement options?
Have other utilities had success in this market?
What are the technical, economic, and other barriers to adoption?
What steps can we take to address these barriers?

The information gathering included internet and publication searches, and interviews with industry
experts, utilities and private-sector stakeholders. The study was limited to one-to-one replacement
options for existing buildings with electric water heaters.

Energy-Efficient Replacement of Electric Resistance Water Heaters in Low-Rise Multifamily Building

Lighting

Advanced lighting control systems, either with wireless sensors, or with luminaire integrated lighting controls, provide capabilities for scheduling, dimming, occupancy sensing, daylight harvesting, personal control, and demand response. Field tests of these features have shown 50 to 70 percent energy savings. However, installation, commissioning, and operation of these complex systems in different environments are barriers to achieving the full conservation potential. Several new advanced lighting control systems are marketed as “plug and play” lighting controls which claim to be easier to install, commission, and operate. Current Stage: Emerging Technology Assessment

ET Projects

Review of Easily-commissioned Lighting Control Products

Abstract

Several new lighting control systems are marketed as “plug and play” lighting controls which claim to be easier to install, commission, and operate. LRC conducted an online survey to query specifiers’ opinions on these types of lighting controls and to determine which types of products were being considered. LRC conducted a market assessment of almost 100 lighting control product lines and selected 6 lighting control systems for review in this report.

Collaborators

The Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Timeline

2014 - 2015

Reports

Easy Controls Product Review (2015)

Testing of Easily-commissioned Lighting Controls Phase 2

Abstract

The Lighting Research Center (LRC) at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute conducted pilot testing and analysis of three selected control systems to independently verify system commissioning, operation, and compatibility with two different integral LED luminaire layouts. A separate LED luminaire with integrated sensors was also evaluated. The LRC characterized system operational characteristics, commissioning, and energy savings under field conditions. The purpose of this pilot study was fourfold: 1) to evaluate the ease of installation, initialization and use, 2) to evaluate the default control characteristics of each system, 3) to examine power demand differences between zone controls (one sensor to control a group of luminaires) and luminaire-integrated controls and 4) to examine the power demand differences when different luminaires were used with the same control system.

Project Team

BPA
The Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
WSU Energy Program

Timeline

2014 - 2015

Reports

Testing of Easily-commissioned Lighting Controls Phase 3

Abstract

The Lighting Research Center (LRC) at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute conducted a field study

of three selected LED luminaire systems with integrated occupancy and daylight harvesting

controls to independently monitor installation, commissioning, and operational parameters. The

LRC also recorded power demand and light levels under field conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate "easily commissioned lighting controls" using the default settings and following the manufacturers’ commissioning instructions.

Collaborators

The Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Timeline

2014 - 2016

Reports

BPA Lighting Controls Phase 3 (2016)

Additional Resources

Lighting accounts for between 20 and 30 percent of electric energy use in the United States. The widespread use of LED lighting systems has the potential to reduce lighting energy use by 50 percent. For LED lighting systems to be accepted by the market however, they must be reliable and meet customer expectations and manufacturers’ claims. BPA has focused on assurance of adequate test methods, standards, and other market infrastructure that screens out low-quality products and ensures long-lasting, high-efficiency, and high-quality lighting. Current Stage: Approved for Implementation. See BPA Energy Efficiency Implementation Manual, and Commercial Lighting Program for measure and program details.

ET Projects

Development of a Predictive Reliability Test Method for Solid-State Luminaires, Light Engines, and Integral Lamps

Abstract
The project builds on work that the Lighting Research Center (LRC) has conducted over the past three years to develop a cost-effective, accelerated life test method that can predict the whole system life of LED luminaires, light engines, and integral lamps at any given environment temperature and system use pattern. The project allows the LRC to expand this work to a wider range of LED luminaire and lamp types, further validate the testing method developed, and move the method forward toward broad industry adoption and standardization.

Project Team
BPA
Lighting Research Center

Timeline
2014 – 2016

Reports

TI Project 322 Brief

Performance Testing of LED Mogul-base Lamps

Abstract
Mogul base LED replacement lamps are being marketed as equivalent replacements for incumbent HID lamps. LRC characterized the HID marketplace and conducted photometric and electrical testing on 18 mogul base LED lamps to inform the DesignLights Consortium (DLC) on these products’ performance in consideration of them being added to the Qualified Products List (QPL). LRC found that 4 of the 18 lamps met the minimum tested DLC QPL criteria for retrofit kits when the lamps were placed in area lighting and roadway luminaires. The wall pack and high bay luminaire combinations did not meet the applicable tested retrofit kit criteria.

In Phase 2, LRC conducted photometric and electrical testing on 17 additional mogul base LED lamps to inform the Design Lights Consortium (DLC) on these products’ performance in consideration of them being added to the Qualified Products List (QPL). LRC found that 6 of the 17 lamps met the minimum tested DLC QPL criteria for retrofit kits when the lamps were placed in decorative outdoor luminaires, area lighting luminaires, roadway luminaires and high bay luminaires. The lamps tested in wall pack luminaires did not meet the applicable retrofit kit criteria. At ambient temperatures of 65°C, the relative light output of several tested high bay and wall pack lamp-luminaire combinations decreased by 20% compared to relative light output at 25°C.

Utilities have expressed concern that HID lamp sockets that have the ballast bypassed for LED replacement lamp retrofits could be eventually relamped with a conventional HID lamp. In Phase 3, 18 probe-start metal halide (MH) lamps of different brands, wattages and enclosure-ratings were operated with 277V applied directly to the socket. LRC found that 17 of the 18 probe-start MH lamps tested, ignited without a ballast when 277V was applied. Fourteen of these lamps experienced some type of failure. None of the 9 protected MH lamps, which are rated to be used in open fixtures, had an outer envelope rupture. LRC also found that in-line fast-acting fuses could prevent non-passive MH lamp failure when the lamp was operated at 277V.

Project Team

BPA
The Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Timeline
2014 – 2015

Reports

Mogul Base Lamp Testing Phase Three - HID Persistence (2015)
Mogul Base Lamp Testing Phase Two (2015)
Mogul Base Lamp Testing Phase One (2014)

Bi-Level Office Lighting

Abstract
Many commercial-use building codes require occupancy sensors for lighting or manual control of light levels. Studies by California Lighting Technology Center and others indicate that additional energy savings may be achieved through a combination of occupancy sensors and bi-level lighting. This project evaluated that scenario for enclosed, individual offices. We investigated electricity use and economic performance and compared to single-level, manual switching. The study found that operation of bi-level switches to optimize electricity savings led to a scenario which was preferred by 64 percent of occupants. Since most office workers now tend to work on computers a large proportion of the time, lower light levels are required than in the past.

The maintenance staff reported that the required equipment - including wall switch sensors, ceiling sensors, and bi-level ballasts - were easy to install and commission. We observed that energy savings are highly correlated with operational schedules. This indicates that education of the occupants or users of controls will likely influence overall efficiency. For example, automated illumination to 50 percent of maximum light level is encouraged. The economic performance of bi-level switching was found to be most favorable in a new construction or major remodel situation.

Project Team
WSU Energy Program: Mary Matteson Bryan, Jack Zeiger, Doug Koenen, and Cindy Wills
California Lighting Technology Center: Cori Jackson and Pedram Arani
WSU Energy Program: Shelley Kirk-Rudeen and Gerry Rasmussen

Timeline
2010

Reports

Bi-level Office Lighting with Occupancy Sensors Final Report (2010)
Bi-level Office Lighting with Occupancy Sensors (Power Point slides, 2011)
Bi-level Office Lighting with Follow Up Report (2011)

Demonstration of LED Lamps at Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art in Eugene, Oregon

Abstract
This project was performed in partnership with the U.S. Department of Energy’s GATEWAY demonstration program for solid-state lighting technology. Objectives included demonstrating quality and performance of new, directional LED replacement lamps in a museum environment. BPA and Eugene Water and Electric Board were interested in demonstrating the energy and cost savings potential of this new technology, and partnered with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to document the performance and the acceptance of these lamps for critical viewing applications, by visitors and museum staff.

This demonstration showed that carefully chosen LED replacement lamps can provide an equivalent or even preferred appearance of art in comparison to halogen lamps, while using only a fraction (14 percent in this case) of the latter’s energy use. Both the artist and the museum staff, who were expected to have high standards for visibility and color rendering of artistic details, had high praise for this technology and are looking forward to testing it on future exhibits.

Project Team
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
Bonneville Power Administration
Eugene Water and Electricity Board

Timeline
2010 - 2011

Report

Demonstration of LED Retrofit Lamps: Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art, Eugene, Oregon (2011)

Demonstration of LED Lamps at Bonneville Power Administration Headquarters in Portland, Oregon

Abstract
This report describes the process and results of a demonstration of solid-state lighting (SSL) technology in the lobby of the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) headquarters building in Portland, Oregon. The project involved a simple retrofit of 32 directional track lights used to illuminate historical black-and-white photos and printed color posters from the 1930s and 1940s. This simple changeout of lamps has raised the visibility of the lobby’s historical photos and posters and improved their appearance. Even though the color temperature was around 2700K for all three lamps, color quality improved with the switch from fluorescent to LED lamps. Power quality also improved with these LED lamps, although that may be a function of the electronics design of these lamps, rather than a feature of LED lamps universally.

This demonstration offered several lessons in directional LED lighting. For accent lighting, replacement lamps should be compared on the basis of light distribution, rather than just lumens or watts. LED replacement lamps can improve color quality and power quality compared to compact fluorescent. Good-quality LED replacement lamps are more economically viable in spite of their high initial cost, when the cost of replacing burned out bulbs is high, hours of operation are extensive, or artwork presentation and preservation is a priority. It is also important at this stage in product development to see several samples installed before committing to a large order or specification of replacement lamps.

Project Team
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy
Bonneville Power Administration

Timeline
2010 - 2011

Report

Demonstration of LED Retrofit Lamps: Bonneville Power Administration Headquarters in Portland, Oregon (2011)

Additional Reports

2017 BPA Res Lighting TAG Report (2018)
Future Energy Reductions in Residential Lighting (2018)
BPA ET Showcase Webinar: Mogul Base LED Lamps for Retrofits (2015)
LED Reliability Testing, TIP 322 (2015)
Safety Perceptions with LED Parking Lot Lighting, TIP 329 (2015)

LED lighting and controls are being used for many general outdoor lighting applications, such as to illuminate landscape features, attract shoppers to retail areas, illuminate outdoor sales areas like gas stations and car sales lots, illuminate pedestrian and bicycle pathways in parks and campuses, light athletic fields, and more. LED and associated controls are now competing economically and with good performance in many, if not all, of these applications, and continues to develop at a rapid pace with performance improvements, increased product offerings, and cost reductions.

Energy savings over traditional lighting systems may be significant – 30 to 75 percent – depending on the original light levels, technology and controls. Lamp life could be significantly longer than incumbent systems, making LED technology especially useful in hard-to-access locations. The use of self-cleaning glass or coatings on outdoor LED fixtures could reduce the need for cleaning, which supports manufacturers’ claims of reduced maintenance.

The U.S. Department of Energy expects this technology to also improve the quality of roadway lighting. Light distribution is superior to that of other technologies, allowing for lower light levels while still providing high visibility. However, roadway lighting must be effective in a broad range of locations, from low-traffic residential neighborhoods and rural roads to interstate freeway interchanges, each application with its own unique requirements for acceptable light levels and distribution patterns. As no single product (including LEDs) serves all needs, careful study is needed when considering their use in a specific project.

Current Stage: Approved for Implementation. See BPA Energy Efficiency Implementation Manual and Commercial and Industrial Lighting Program for measure and program details.

ET Projects

LED Exterior Lighting Controls: Going Beyond Code (2018)

Abstract
Parking and exterior lighting designers are not taking full advantage of LED and controls. Easy dimming based on time and/or occupancy could save an additional 40% of energy. Energy codes recently adopted in the Northwest require parking lot lights to be dimmed by 30% after certain hours. This is just scratching the surface of savings if you consider occupancy sensors and controls. This Technology Innovation Project (TIP 391) looks at:

How to control lighting while maintaining peoples’ perception of safety?
When should they be dimmed?
At what rate should the dimming occur?
How much can they be dimmed and the site still be perceived as safe? 30%? 50%? 70%?

Project Team
BPA: Ken Nichols and Jamie Anthony
Lighting Research Center
Lighting Design Lab

Timeline
2017 - 2018

LED Illuminance in Parking Lots: Safety, Security, and Energy Savings (2015)

Abstract
At present, specifications for outdoor lighting in parking lots and along streets and roadways are based on conventional photopic photometric quantities, but many visual responses relevant to outdoor lighting are not well-characterized by photopic quantities. This means more lighting energy may be used than necessary in order to achieve the objectives of outdoor lighting.

With a proper characterization of the perceptual benefits of lighting, lighting energy used for outdoor lighting could be reduced by 40% to 50% when light sources that are better tuned to human visual responses are used. Technology Innovation Project 329 was completed in 2015.

Project Team

BPA: Levin Nock and Ken Nichols

Lighting Research Center

Lighting Design Lab

Timeline

2013 - 2015

Reports

Parking Lot Lighting Based Upon Predictions of Scene Brightness and Personal Safety

Western Exterior Occupancy Survey

Abstract
The project includes three phases: (1) develop initial methodological approach for determining outdoor occupancy profiles, (2) evaluate and finalize methodological approach through implementation in a small number of selected spaces, (3) implement final methodological approach in a large number of outdoor spaces to generate required information for utility incentive and rebate programs.

It is recommended that installations of the occupancy-based adaptive lighting systems use varying motion sensing technologies, dimmable lighting sources and communication network architectures. Installations of occupancy-based adaptive lighting systems equipped with varying sensing technologies will allow for the study of the effect of using various different sensor technologies appropriate for outdoor applications. It is recommended that installations of the occupancy-based adaptive lighting systems incorporate the use of varying control strategies. Control strategies, such as fixture-level and zonal control, are key areas where research is needed to conclusively determine if they have a pronounced effect on energy savings.

Project Team
BPA
California Lighting Technology Center
Pacific Gas and Electric Company
Southern California Edison

Timeline
2011 - 2014

Reports

Western Exterior Occupancy Survey (WEOS 2014)
CLTC WEOS Project Page

Field Test of Exterior LED Down Lights

Abstract

Outdoor lighting fixtures installed in the early 1980's (after the energy crisis of the late 1970's) are nearing the end of their service lifetime. Many electric utilities and governmental organizations are considering a switch from existing high-pressure sodium street lights to LEDs, induction, or plasma sources in residential neighborhoods and on arterial streets. Among the advantages cited in these efforts are energy savings, decreased maintenance issues and costs. BPA and its partners sought to test these claims and understand whether these broader-spectrum light sources perform better than, equal to, or poorer than yellowish high-pressure sodium (HPS) light sources in the varied rain, fog, snow, and dry conditions of the Pacific Northwest. The Outdoor Lighting Center was created on the campus of South Seattle Community College. This facility provides a place where utilities, local governments, commercial building developers, outdoor lighting designers and other stakeholders can evaluate test lighting fixtures.

The tested batch of LED product used approximately 50 percent as much electricity of the tested American Electric 100 watt HPS street light fixture, the standard fixture used by Seattle City Light. Assuming a decrease in input power requirements of 70 watts per fixture, electricity cost of $0.05 kWh, and 12 hours per day of operation, LED street lights are expected to save more than $15 per year - more than $170 over the LED's expected life. Reduced maintenance costs relative to HPS luminaires, or a longer-life LED product, would decrease payback time.

Project Team
BPA: Jack Callahan
WSU Energy Program
Lighting Design Lab
Seattle Central Community College
Seattle City Light
Tacoma Power
Snohomish County PUD
City of Ashland
McMinnville Power and Light

Timeline
2010 - 2011

Reports

Outdoor Lighting Center Final Report (2011)

Additional Resources

Energy savings from BPA’s residential lighting program currently provide the majority of savings in the residential portfolio, yet their savings’ contribution will begin to decrease in 2018 as lighting program baselines increase. Improvements in LED quality and efficacy leading to saturation of energy efficient lamps, an anticipated 2020 national standard requiring greater lumens per watt, and more stringent residential lighting building codes will create fewer savings’ opportunities, reducing the amount of savings that residential lighting programs may claim. Reduction in energy use continues to be realized through use of LEDs, while the next breakthrough for greatly reducing energy use with emerging lighting technologies is not expected until at least 2025. Residential energy savings from lighting controls, whether stand alone controls, integrated or part of home automation systems, are hampered by low usage and high efficacy of residential lighting, limiting effectiveness. This paper was commissioned by the BPA to identify new technologies to ensure future residential lighting energy savings for the Pacific Northwest.

Future Energy Reductions in Residential Lighting Report

Efficient lighting has provided over 40% of the energy savings for the Residential portfolio for BPA. Starting in late 2016, the BPA Energy Efficiency team realized that dramatic changes were in store for the Residential Lighting program. Given anticipated changes in the Residential Lighting baselines driven by the rapid growth of LED, lighting energy savings were expected to rapidly decline over the next 18 months. Following extensive analysis, it was determined that savings might decline up to 60%.
In response, Energy Efficiency Planning, Programs and Engineering team members launched a strategic planning initiative to revamp the Residential Lighting Program to ensure future energy
savings for the region. To support this strategy development, the Emerging Technology team agreed to launch a Technical Advisory Group (TAG) to identify and prioritize new measures for Residential Lighting. The TAG, made up of national and regional lighting experts, would focus on finding new technologies for lamps, fixtures, and lighting controls both as standalone solutions as well as part of home automation technologies. BPA was particularly interested in defining recommendations for hard-to-reach markets such as low-income and multifamily housing.
Work began in September to recruit lighting experts to participate on the TAG. Twenty-seven individuals representing 23 organizations volunteered to participate. A kick off meeting occurred in October and five meetings were held and the TAG wrapped up in mid-December. During the TAG, experts brainstormed potential lighting technology solutions. They prioritized 52 technologies including 10 new technologies and recommended seven technologies for further exploration. These recommendations included:

Specialty LED Lamps
Linear LEDs Lamps
Higher Efficacy Lamps
Lighting Controls for Lamps
Exterior Lighting with Controls
MF Bi-Level Lighting Controls
Lighting Controls through Home Automation Systems

TAG members divided the recommendations into two categories (lamps and lighting controls). A series of presentations given by lighting experts via public webinars provided further information. Following these presentations and discussion, each technology was scored using the following criteria: potential energy savings; non-energy benefits; product performance; market/commercial readiness; program readiness; ease of adoption, and; value. A summary of the scores and recommendations for Lamps and Controls follows.

2017 BPA Res Lighting TAG Report

Energy Management Systems

With Electric Power Research Institute, Consumer Technology Association, and others, BPA has developed the

ANSI/CTA-2045 standard for an open communications protocol and physical port for electricity-using appliances. The port is analogous to a computer USB port, which accepts universal communication modules (UCMs) that can network with other devices, a building network, or the electric grid. The vision is that this standard will enable a new generation of “smart grid ready” products that limit risks and constraints of proprietary communications technologies and evolving standards. This approach, while limited to new water heaters, dramatically reduces the cost of adding appliances to a demand response program.

BPA is testing water heaters that conform to the ANSI/CTA-2045 standard for demand response and other potential value for users and electric power systems. These connected water heaters have internal electronic controls that cycle the heating system and a port and UCM that allows the water heater to receive signals from managers of the electric grid.

Current Stage: Emerging Technology Assessment

ET Projects

Scaled Deployment and Demonstration of Demand Response using Water Heaters with ANSI/CTA-2045 Technology

Abstract
Up to 600 residential electricity customers may participate in a smart water heater emerging technology demonstration project that enables better management of energy. A smart water heater is a water heater with a modular communication interface that will be able to receive and respond to demand response (DR) signals from utilities. By enabling the smart water heater to send and receive utilities signals, the water heater can help support the grid. By changing the time when, and at what rate, it re-heats water the tank acts like a battery; controlling the re-heat rate has the same effect on the grid as storing or releasing energy from a battery. These small changes in when and how often water heaters run can be a valuable tool in grid management.

Renewable energy such as wind and solar is increasing on the electric grid. However, these intermittent generating resources create integration challenges for utilities. DR can be a cost effective tool to reduce customer's electricity demand for brief periods. It can also be used to help the grid absorb extra energy when needed. Using CTA 2045 communication technology, utilities are able to use the inherent energy storage capability of water heaters to smooth out the intermittent nature of renewable generation. Enabling this low cost communication port on every water heater in the Pacific Northwest could mitigate the cost of renewable integration and provide support to the electric grid.

Project Team
BPA: Tony Koch
Portland General Electric
Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance

Timeline
2015 – 2018

Reports

Development and Evaluation of ANSI/CTA-2045 Standard Modular Communications Interface for Demand Response

Abstract
The project intended to ascertain whether the ANSI/CTA-2045 standard for demand response-ready water heaters can enable compatibility with any communication technology and any DR program. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) provided technical support to those companies developing appliances and communication modules for this project. As part of this support, EPRI developed software tools, including a desktop application that developers can use to test their prototypes. To ensure that the equipment is designed and built as specified, EPRI tested the equipment throughout the production process and provided feedback to the manufacturers. After the equipment was produced, all equipment was lab tested prior to deploying in the field. Different combinations of communication modules and end-device types were tested with one another to assess interoperability.
After the units were deployed in the field, which included 10 heat pump water heaters in BPA territory, EPRI monitored the communication ports using an instrumentation packaged developed specifically for this purpose. The data collected throughout the field demonstration was used to evaluate the ANSI/CTA-2045 standard.

Project Team
BPA: Tony Koch
Electric Power Research Institute

Timeline
2013 – 2017

Reports

Additional Resources

Changes in individual or organizational behavior and decision-making can substantially increase the efficiency of energy use. There is a substantial body of knowledge and experience associated with behavior change that is rooted in the social sciences. Waste management, healthcare and transportation industries have been applying behavior based approaches for some time. A wide range of products and services are now available that support or influence energy-conserving behavior. While the potential is significant, there is much to be learned about effective strategies and tactics to motivate consumers, persistence, and effective methods to evaluate the energy savings. In 2010, BPA set out to test several strategies for supporting energy-conserving behavior change strategy. BPA customers can use the custom program path's evaluated custom program track to seek approval and reimbursement for verified savings from BBEE programs.

Current Stage: Approved for Implementation. See BPA Energy Efficiency Implementation Manual and BPA’s Behavior-Based EE Programs page for measure and program details.

ET Projects

Field Testing Behavior Based Energy Conservation Programs

Abstract
In 2011, BPA issued a Funding Opportunity Announcement for field tests of innovative, behavior-based energy conservation programs. Snohomish County Public Utility District, Cowlitz Public Utility District, and Clark Public Utilities were selected after a competitive process. BPA collaborated with these utility customers and their market partners to implement and evaluate innovative behavior-based programs.
Bonneville’s project with Clark PUD evaluated the energy-saving impact of a social media application called "Social Energy.” Social Energy enables users to compare their energy use to a self-defined group. Clark PUD was one of a few utilities testing this tool, which it combined with O Power's Home Energy Reporting Program. Clark sent Home Energy Reports (HERs) to 20,000 customers while engaging 10,000 of these customer through Social Energy.
Cowlitz PUD investigated the energy-saving impact of an Advanced Digital Feedback and Communication Campaign in addition to O Power's Home Energy Reporting Program. Cowlitz sent 25,000 Home Energy Reports (HERs) to their customers while engaging 12,500 of them through an Advanced Digital Campaign using high usage alerts and email messaging. The HERs program used billing data, census data and other information to create a "neighbor-to-neighbor" billing comparison to try and change behavior. The hypothesis is that the customer will be moved to use less energy, operate their home more efficiently or to make no-cost, low-costs or deemed measures changes in their home if they can compare their usage with "like" customers.
Snohomish County Public Utility District investigated behavior change in the commercial sector. The project was a joint venture between Snohomish County Public Utility District, PECI, Lucid, and Starbucks. The project was implemented at several Starbucks stores in the Puget Sound area. Staff was frequently provided energy use data and a competition was established between stores.

Project Team
BPA: Summer Goodwin
Clark Public Utilities District
Cowlitz Public Utilities District
Snohomish County Public Utilities District
Springfield Public Utilities District

Timeline
2012 – 2015

Reports

Additional Resources

Advanced power strips reduce electronic equipment energy use in commercial applications. BPA provides incentives for Tier 1 advanced power strips. These Tier 1 advanced power strips reduce the peripheral device energy use automatically when the computer isn’t being used. These power strips offer a great, low cost way for commercial customers to reduce plug loads and save money without major capital investments.

Update: BPA currently has a Tier 2 Residential power strip measure offering. Tier 2 power strips save energy by sending sleep signals to devices like computers and entertainment systems when they sense inactivity. Initial research in the commercial sector indicates relatively high variability in expected energy savings and technology cost. BPA has decided to maintain a commercial Tier 1 power strip offering and not provide additional incentives for Tier 2 commercial power strips.. At this time, Tier 1 Commercial power strips are the most viable technology for broad adoption in the Commercial sector.

Tier 1, Smart Power Strips, are approved for Implementation. See BPA Energy Efficiency Implementation Manual for measure and program details.

ET Projects

Field Test of Tier 2 Advanced Power Strips in Commercial Buildings

Abstract
In 2017, BPA and Seattle City Light started a one-year assessment of Tier 2, Advanced Power Strips.

Project Team
BPA: Mira Vowles
Seattle City Light

Timeline
2017 – 2018

An integrated energy management strategy for organizations that involves management commitment, assessments, planning and improvement goal-setting, improvement implementation, tracking, evaluation, and feedback to modify plans, resulting in a continuous improvement of energy performance.

Current Stage: Approved for Implementation. See BPA Energy Efficiency Implementation Manual for measure and program details.

ET Projects

Demonstration of Strategic Energy Management Analytics and Tracking Platform

Abstract
Project will field test a strategic energy management analytics and tracking platform (Build Plus) and look for opportunities for improvement. This research builds on a tool created with funding through BPA’s Technology Innovation Research and Development Program. Work has continued to refine the tool and research needs to be conducted to verify savings. The tools will be installed at the facilities starting in 2016 and analyses will follow in late 2017.

Project Team
BPA: Erik Boyer

Timeline
2016 – 2017

This project was a regional demonstration sponsored by the Bonneville Power Administration and Seattle City Light. The funding they provided assisted each demonstration site in the purchase and installation of hardware and software required to implement a dashboard system at its data center operation. These dashboards, also referred to as Data Center Infrastructure Management (DCIM) systems, track data center operations in real-time. They provide actionable information and analyses for management of IT equipment, space allocation, power systems, and cooling systems. BPA and SCL conducted the demonstration project to evaluate how DCIM systems could be used by operators as a tool for managing energy consumption, how they could assist in quantification of energy savings for utility incentive programs, and to highlight best practices for maximizing the value of this emerging technology.

Data Center Dashboard Demonstration Report

A collection of techniques and strategies that direct supply air to the servers at a rate needed for server performance while minimizing airflow energy costs.

Additional Resources

Motors & Drives

Most existing generator block heaters depend on thermo-siphoning to maintain engine block temperatures. These heaters tend to have extreme temperature gradients across the engine block and in the coolant hoses. Due to these inefficiencies, thermo-siphon heaters run longer and use more electricity. A pumped block heater eliminates wasteful hot spots. Since coolant hoses are replaced when the pumped block heater is installed, this helps reduce the chance of brittle hoses bursting, ensuring the generator will run when needed. BPA research has shown that most generator block heaters (GBH) will use more electricity than they generate over their lifetime. Annual savings associated with a pumped block heater can be as high as $3,000, and maintenance costs may also be reduced. Savings depend on the size, location and operation of existing block heater.

Current Stage: Approved for Implementation. See BPA Energy Efficiency Implementation Manual for measure and program details.

Field Test of Smart Controllers for Vehicle Engine Block Heaters

Abstract
Diesel vehicle engine blocks are commonly heated for a quick and smoke-free start-up during the cold weather. Heating devices are typically an immersion type heater that uses 110 Volt single phase resistive elements that are energized anytime the electrical plug is ‘plugged in’ to an outlet. During the winter season, these vehicle heaters are plugged in and energized whenever the vehicle is parked.
We monitored two smart, thermostatic controllers for engine block heaters in six buses. Smart controllers being tested were programmed with custom and default strategies. Energy use by engine block heaters with smart controls were compared to one in a bus without smart controls. The objectives of this analysis were to verify that the controllers operated as expected and assess for energy conservation potential. Both heaters we tested showed good potential for energy savings with low simple payback durations based on the aggressiveness of the user defined programming. The default programming for both controllers showed the highest savings.

Project Team
BPA: T.J. Sharkey

Timeline
2014 – 2015

Reports

Smart Vehicle Controllers Pilot Program Data Analysis

Engine Generator Block Heater Pilot and M&V Methods Development

Abstract
Objectives of field testing with utilities were understanding the technology, identifying primary variables affecting energy savings, refine methods for estimating energy savings, and to develop a BPA Qualified measure for implementation in the Northwest.

Project Team
Erik Boyer, BPA
City of Cheney
Kootenai Electric Cooperative
Ravalli Electric Cooperative
Flathead Electric Cooperative
Missoula Electric Cooperative

Timeline
2012-2013

Reports

Additional Resources

Industrial Process

Circulator pumps are small, single-stage, overhung, in-line style rotodynamic pumps. They are supported in-line by the system piping and rotating assemblies that must be horizontally mounted. The pumps are small but typically have long run hours. Most circulator pumps are fractional horse power and less than 3.75 kW (5 hp). Common applications are hydronic heating and hot water recirculation. Pumps now on the market with electronically commutated motors and integrated variable speed control offer 50% or greater savings over standard pumps. In hydronic heating applications, energy conservation is due to improved motor efficiency and motor speed controls. For potable hot water recirculation, hot water is circulated from the water heater, through the hot water piping, and back to the water heater. Efficient circulator pumps save energy in these systems by reducing pump run time and water heating energy.

Current Stage: Approved for Implementation. See BPA Energy Efficiency Implementation Manual and Regional Technical Forum Measure Page for measure and program details.

Additional Resources

Regional Technical Forum Subcommittee: Pump Systems

Agriculture

A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) controls the rotational speed of an electric motor by controlling the frequency of the electrical power supplied to the motor. They are proven to substantially reduce energy use. Non-VFD motor-driven systems are often designed to handle peak loads and the VFD can slow down the motor to better match the part load requirements.

Controlling motors with a variable frequency drive offers energy savings when motor-driven processes and power demand vary over time. Energy savings from variable-frequency drives can be significant, although the amount of energy reduction will vary depending on the motor's operation and energy usage. The base case for this opportunity is a turbine-style pump that is used for irrigation purposes that operates at a fixed speed but has a variation of flow or head requirements. On a turbine pump, even a small reduction in motor speed can reduce a pump's energy use by as much as 30 percent. Payback can range from few months to less than 10 years. Variable frequency drives also allow more control of processes such as water distribution, aeration and chemical feed. The variable frequency lessens mechanical and electrical stress on motors and can reduce maintenance and repair costs as well as extending motor life.

Current Stage: Approved for Implementation. See the BPA Energy Efficiency Implementation Manual for measure and program details.

ET Projects

Optimization of VFD-Controlled Irrigation Pump Stations

Abstract
This project focused on optimization and improved control methods of existing variable frequency drive (VFD) controlled irrigation pump stations. WYEAST explored and documented how automated controls can reduce the energy use of a VFD-controlled pumping plant. Measured data included power and energy use, flow data, and pressure. We estimated energy use trends by pump type and developed energy savings ratios per hour of operation. A baseline was set using this information to better understand actual energy and power savings. This study produced detailed information with annualized energy and power savings of agriculture irrigation pumping stations controlled by a variable frequency drive (VFD), improved VFD control methods, and VFD optimization standards.

Project Team
BPA: Tom Osborn
WYEAST

Timeline
2015 – 2015

Additional Resources

Watch the video: Big Bertha: Pumping Up Energy and Water Savings with a VFD

Low-elevation sprinkler application (LESA) and low-elevation precision application (LEPA) irrigation technologies can be applied to center-pivot or wheel-line irrigation systems and compete with mid-elevation spray application (MESA) and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). LESA applies water below the crop foliage using applicators positioned about a foot above the ground surface. Nozzle pressures can be regulated to as low as 6 to 10 psig. In contrast, MESA systems require water pressure of approximately 40 psig, which requires greater pumping energy and exacerbates any water leaks.

LESA is capable of using quad sprays, bubble emitters, drag socks, or hoses to release water directly on the ground. LESA systems tested in the Northwest use water pressure of about 6 psig and improve irrigation application efficiency to as high as 97 percent, by reducing water losses due to wind drift and evaporation from the top of foliage. The technology is especially effective during periods of high temperatures, high winds, and low humidity. Energy savings are dependent upon the baseline irrigation technology, which is generally MESA in the Northwest, although much less efficient high spray systems are still used. By increasing irrigation efficiency, less total water has to be pumped to meet the crop water requirements and pumping occurs at a lower pressure.
Results from the 2013 field tests in the Northwest documented a 15 to 20 percent reduction in water use accompanied by a 30 percent reduction in electrical energy consumption. Because center pivot equipment life is approximately 30 to 50 years, irrigation equipment manufacturers and distributors have developed retrofit kits that can be used to convert existing pivots into LESA units.

Current Stage: Approved for Implementation. See BPA Energy Efficiency Implementation Manual for measure and program details.

ET Projects

Field Tests of Low Elevation Sprinkler Application Irrigation

Abstract
This study is a multi-state demonstration project to introduce low-elevation sprinkler application (LESA) and low-energy precision application (LEPA) irrigation technology to the Pacific Northwest and demonstrate how to mitigate run-off issues. Starting in the 2013 growing season, but continuing into the 2014 and 2015 growing season, adjacent spans of LESA and conventional mid-elevation spray application (MESA) sprinkler mounting were tested on six center pivots in Idaho, four in Nevada, four in Washington, and one in Oregon. Many of these comparison trials have been operating for multiple years. Typically the last span of the pivot was converted to LESA or LEPA for comparison purposes with the rest of the pivot. These were primarily located in fairly flat fields without runoff issues. The crops grown included: timothy hay, alfalfa, grass seed, beans, mint, silage corn, barley, potatoes, and wheat. Soil moisture sensors were installed in both the LESA/LEPA sections of the pivot as well as the MESA sections of the pivot and the differences were monitored over time.

We found LESA provided many benefits over LEPA including the ability to more uniformly irrigate a broad area which benefits crop emergence and gives more flexibility for a wider variety of crops grown in rotation in the field, including a variety of crops, row spacing, and row orientations. In these experiments an average of 96% of the water that left the LESA nozzles was collected in the catch cans. In comparison, an average of 81% of the water that left the MESA nozzles was collected in the catch cans. This translates to 18% more water reaching the ground with LESA when compared with MESA. An estimated 15% decrease in the total run time of the LESA compared with the MESA results in 170 kWh electricity savings per acre, per irrigation season. Almost all of the growers participating in this study expressed interest in expanding its use on their farms and many have already converted multiple pivots to LESA without prompting or cost share.

The team is working to collect data from 100 LESA conversions during the summer of 2017 and will estimate energy savings. The project team is also measuring soil moisture content on 15 - 20 sites in Oregon and Washington, to inform measure development by the Regional Technical Forum.

Project Team
BPA: Dick Stroh
Washington State University
University of Idaho

Timeline
2012 – 2018

Reports

Low Energy Precision Application (LEPA) and Low Elevation Spray Application (LESA) Trials in the Pacific Northwest

Additional Resources

Engineering Tools

Bonneville has partnered with U.S. Department of Energy and National Renewable Energy Laboratory to develop advanced tools for analysis of energy use by residential buildings in the Pacific Northwest. Our work focuses on two tools based on EnergyPlus, the Department of Energy's flagship simulation engine, and the OpenStudio platform.

BEopt™ (Building Energy Optimization) provides detailed simulation-based analysis of energy use by residential buildings, based on specific house characteristics, such as size, architecture, occupancy, vintage, location, and utility rates. BEopt can be used to analyze new construction and existing home retrofits, as well as single-family detached and multi-family buildings, through evaluation of single building designs, parametric sweeps, and cost-based optimizations. Bonneville has worked with NREL to calibrate BEopt to results of a recent assessment of the Northwest residential building stock.

ResStock was developed for analysis of energy use by the residential building stock at national, regional, or local levels. ResStock brings together the use of large public and private data sets, statistical sampling, detailed sub-hourly building energy simulations, and high-performance computing resources. Bonneville worked with NREL to develop capability to identify cost-optimal efficiency packages and calibrate the tool to the specific characteristics of the Northwest residential building stock. Additional work is planned to enhance user interface and introduce the tool to key users in the Northwest.

Current Stage: Approved for Implementation

ET Projects

Calibration of BeOpt to SEEM and the Northwest Building Stock

Abstract
Residential building energy models are used to estimate the energy savings and cost effectiveness of various retrofit measures, aid in the design of new construction homes that meet energy targets, and determine the impact of installing more efficient equipment across an entire region. Several simulation engines are available for residential buildings. BPA worked with the National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) to compare two of these tools, EnergyPlus and the Simple Energy and Enthalpy Model (SEEM). The project goal was to determine the differences between each models energy consumption predictions and make modeling enhancements where significant discrepancies were identified. This work not only was to verify and validate the modeling capabilities of each tool but also between these two programs to ensure SEEM and EnergyPlus deliver reliable and comparable results. This reduces the uncertainty of energy savings estimates and ensures both tools can be used in the PNW.

SEEM is a building simulation engine developed by Ecotope to model residential single-family buildings and is used in the Pacific Northwest. The Building Energy Optimization (BEopt) tool was developed by NREL in support of the U. S. Department of Energy Building America program. The BEopt software, now incorporated with Open Studio, utilizes the EnergyPlus simulation engine to provide capabilities to evaluate residential building designs.
The work compared EnergyPlus to SEEM within the BEopt framework which allowed their differences to be quickly identified and thoroughly investigated. Discrepancies were investigated to determine causes and effects, and in a few cases fully investigated to the point where SEEM and EnergyPlus developers were able to make fixes.

Project Team
BPA: Robert Weber
National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Timeline
2015 – 2016

Enhanced Residential Efficiency Analysis Tools for the Pacific Northwest

Abstract
This project will develop and demonstrate tools for analysis of energy use in residential buildings, which
are tailored for the Pacific Northwest. One tool will help the user identify cost-optimal packages of
efficiency improvements for residences. Another will enable regional analysis by calibrating BEopt
to results of a recent assessment of the Northwest residential building stock. Successful completion of
this project will result in sophisticated and easy-to-use tools that can be used by conservation program
staff at BPA to quickly identify least-cost efficiency measures for targeted residential markets.

Project Team
BPA: Robert Weber
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
U.S. Department of Energy Buildings Technology Office
Ecotope

Timeline
2014 – 2016

Reports

TIP 318: Enhanced Residential Efficiency Analysis Tools for the Pacific Northwest

Enhancing BeOpt to Include Capabilities for Low Rise Multifamily Buildings

Abstract
BPA and Pacific Northwest stakeholders have a need for modeling tools to estimate energy use in multi-family buildings. BPA engineering recognized that there were few low cost and easy to use tools in the market. In 2015, U.S. DOE, NREL, and CPUC were expanding the BEopt OpenStudio/EneryPlus modeling platform from single-family detached homes to multifamily buildings. The approach took advantage of BEopt interface controls and modeling framework to add multifamily modeling capabilities. This enhanced software tool provides the market with a platform for evaluating residential energy conservation measures in new and existing multifamily buildings.
BPA’s involvement brought a review of building characteristics representative of multifamily buildings in the Pacific Northwest. NREL analyzed building characteristics from NEEA’s Residential Building Stock Assessment and talked to key organizations (e.g., Ecotope and NEEA) to identify high-priority modeling capabilities needed to cover the Pacific Northwest region. These additional modeling capabilities include: adding heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) or water heating system types (e.g., packaged terminal air conditioners and heat pumps, central boilers, central ventilation), adding space types (e.g., mechanical room, elevators), enhancing multifamily infiltration modeling with respect to guarded blower door test results, and making unit-specific simulation output available.

In 2016, a BEopt’s /EnergyPlus software update was released with modeling capabilities for multifamily buildings, including duplexes, triplexes, townhouses, flats, and low-rise apartment buildings.

Project Team
BPA: Robert Weber
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance
California Public Utilities Commission
Ecotope

Timeline
2015 – 2016

Additional Resources

BPA ET Showcase Webinar: Be Optimistic! Modeling Multifamily Buildings with BEopt (2016)

The Technology Performance Exchange is a centralized, Web-based portal for finding and sharing energy performance data for commercial building technologies. Individuals who manufacture, supply, test, or evaluate technologies can use data entry forms to upload standardized, product-specific energy performance data. The Technology Performance Exchange also allows technology evaluators to quickly and easily identify who submitted data, when the data were submitted, and how the data were derived. Technology evaluators can leverage the raw data contained in the Technology Performance Exchange to (1) greatly reduce the time required to evaluate technology performance; and (2) improve the quality of their assessments. Energy-saving products will thus be able to penetrate the marketplace more quickly than ever before.

To address the need for accessible, high-quality data, the Technology Performance Exchange enables technology suppliers, third-party testing laboratories, and other entities to submit product performance data that private and public sector technology evaluators can use in their assessments to inform fact-based procurement decisions. BPA developed the technology with National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The U.S. Department of Energy's Federal Energy Management Program and the Building Technologies Office are collaborating on this project.

Current Stage: Approved for Implementation

ET Projects

Reducing Cost of Technology Evaluation Using a Technology Performance Exchange

Abstract

BPA has identified the cost of skilled engineering as a significant challenge in using current methods of field testing. To address these challenges, the U.S. Department of Energy and BPA funded the National Renewable Energy Laboratory to develop the Technology Performance Exchange (TPEx), a free, publicly accessible Web-based portal that facilitates the identification, storage, and sharing of transparent, foundational energy performance data. TPEx uses data entry forms to identify the intrinsic, technology-specific parameters necessary for a user to perform a credible energy analysis and includes a robust database to store and share these data. Performance maps for each product are automatically translated into building components, for drag-and-drop prediction and comparison of energy use in the Open Studio platform.

Project Team

BPA

US DOE Buildings Technology Office

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Timeline
2011 – 2013

Reports

TPEx BPA: VRF Modeling Study

Additional Resources

ECAM is a Microsoft Excel®-based tool that facilitates the examination of energy information from buildings, and ultimately reduces the time spent analyzing utility meter data and system operational data. Starting from simple time-series data, ECAM automates a wide array of charting and analysis functionality.
The most common use of ECAM is to complete pre and post energy efficiency project regression analyses of utility interval meter data against outdoor air temperature. However, ECAM has additional applications that can be used independently, including analysis of a building’s load profile, creating per-square-foot metrics of building energy use, and developing scatter charts based on occupancy or time of day. These applications can ultimately be used to better understand a building’s energy use patterns and inform the selection of energy efficiency measures with the highest potential for savings.
The tool makes extensive use of Excel PivotTables to facilitate summarization and filtering of data. It goes beyond normal PivotTables and PivotCharts, however, by automating the creation of scatter charts based on PivotTable data.

Current Stage: Approved for Implementation.

Additional Resources

Energy Charting and Metrics (ECAM) Tool, version 2.0

There is growing recognition that whole-building-focused approaches to energy efficiency hold great promise in realizing deep and persistent energy savings in commercial buildings. Utility programs are increasingly exploring whole-building strategies that move beyond traditional component-based interventions, and the industry is seeing a movement toward continuous energy improvement practices that may include ongoing commissioning, strategic energy management, as well as retrofits and the implementation of advanced control and information technologies.
These program designs naturally lend themselves to measured, whole-building savings quantification, as opposed to deemed or calculated savings. In addition, they have the potential to generate deeper energy savings than single-measure approaches, and are being increasingly pursued in the northwest region.

The efficiency program industry, however, has historically relied nearly exclusively on deemed or calculated savings, and has adhered to evaluation, measurement and verification processes that are costly and time consuming. Analytics tools offer the potential to streamline the measurement and verification (M&V) process by automating the M&V approach, yet key questions must be addressed before they can be applied with confidence.

Current Stage: Technology Research & Development

ET Projects

Realizing High-accuracy Low-cost Measurement and Verification for Deep Cost Savings

Abstract
This project will benefit BPA by producing a practical solution for the northwest to scale high-accuracy, low-cost savings estimation. As we strive to meet aggressive energy savings goals as the state, regional, and national levels, there is a pressing need to scale the delivery of efficiency programs. Today’s approaches to determining the savings impact of efficiency programs are costly and time consuming, and there is acknowledgement that the industry will benefit from ‘faster, better,’ and more cost effective solutions.
The project aims to achieve this by conducting technical analyses, demonstration, market evaluation and regulatory engagement specifically targeting northwest policy and efficiency programs. The project team will synthesize task-specific deliverables into a final report that describes project outcomes and suggested next steps for scaled demonstration and deployment of the solutions for low-cost high accuracy M&V. This project also promotes increased confidence and reliability in valuing energy efficiency as a resource, increased trustworthiness and transparency of savings claims, and advancement of energy efficiency.

Project Team
BPA: Erik Boyer
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)
US Department of Energy, Buildings Technology Office
Seattle City Light

Timeline
2016 – 2018

Reports
TI Project 389 Brief

Improvement of NILM Technology and Methods for Accuracy Testing

Abstract

Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) technology is targeted for reducing the cost and time requirements of measuring and verifying changes to the performance of energy-using systems in a building. Phase 1 of this project will improve and standardize current procedures for measuring the accuracy of NILM technology in disaggregating energy use by single loads from a single, premise-level meter. Phase 2 will include the development and prototyping of a sensor to more accurately distinguish the run times of large appliances, based on vibrations from motor operation.

Timeline: 2014 – 2016

Collaborators: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), US DOE

Grid Facing Utility Distribution

The electric grid and the people who operate it are facing changes at a pace unprecedented since the days when Tesla and Edison fought over whether AC or DC electricity would be distributed. One thing is certain: renewable energy from wind and solar is here to stay as energy resources for the grid. Not only are these resources cost-competitive at scale with conventional power plants, but more importantly: customers, at least on the West Coast, overwhelmingly support renewable energy as a source they expect utilities to provide.

A grid very rich in renewable energy from wind and solar resources will have large amounts of excess energy when the sun shines or the wind blows. While we will need electric storage to support the hours when neither wind nor solar energy is available, behavior-driven energy shifting to periods of excess renewables is a zero-cost measure, and appliances with built-in capability is a near-zero-cost measure in the end-state. When readers think “storage,” they might think electric batteries; however, this report addresses the concept of hot water heaters as “storage” and the ability to shift electric usage as occurs with battery storage.

This demonstration pilot was conceived to create a market transformation plan that would put the Pacific Northwest on a path to make hot water heating load shifting simple for customers without affecting their lifestyle. The key to customer simplicity and resource cost-effectiveness, as identified by a broad consortium of stakeholders, is widespread adoption of a standardized approach to communicating to loads that have flexibility about when they use electricity. This standard needs a marketing name, but the technical specification is called ANSI/CTA-2045. This communication interface is comparable in concept to a USB socket on a camera, TV, or computer, but this socket is specifically designed for appliances. The analogy of a marketing name to a technical standard is the well-known marketing name of Wi-Fi vs. its technical standard, IEEE-802.11.

Reports

Documents Related to Reports

The economic spreadsheet

Initial demographic survey and results

Project-related Materials

Press

How the Humble Home Water Heater Could Play a Big Role in Energy Storage (12/09/18)
BPA report details potential for water heaters as DR tools (1/11/2019)

Subsequent Research and Documents

Reports

Tools

EPRI's CTA-2045 Desktop Simulator Tool

This application is a software tool designed by EPRI to aid technology providers in the development and testing of end-use devices and communication modules with an ANSI/CTA-2045 interface.

Large Data Files

The data files provide 1-minute interval data over 7 (Jan-Aug) months separated into three seasons (Winter:Jan-Apr, Spring:Apr-June, Summer:June-Aug). Each file contains 20 million+ rows and may require the use of sophisticated data analytic software.

**Please note file sizes are greater than 1 GB. Older machines may have trouble opening/reading files!**

Two file types have been provided: R File or feather (.feather) and comma separated value (.csv).
The feather file type is a binary file format for storing data frames. It has high read and write performance and is used primarily in R and Python packages.
The csv files are common delimited text files. They can be used across multiple analytic software packages and programs.

For each season, the three files provided contain identical information and are distinct only in file type. The accompanying ReadMe file provides information and definition of file contents.

Right-click and select "Save Target As" or "Save Link As" to download data.

Season	CSV File	R File
Spring 2018	Download	Download
Summer 2018	Download	Download
Winter 2018	Download	Download

Significant annual energy savings in the Pacific Northwest may be achieved through a decrease in no-load losses of low-voltage dry-type transformers. These reduced losses may be realized by replacing older inefficient transformers with new efficient ones, downsizing, and right-sizing new installations and retrofits. Bonneville Power Administration currently offers incentives for retrofit and new construction applications of lower loss transformers, and supports education and market research to further the opportunities for purchasers to select transformers with the lowest available no-load losses for their applications.

Dry-Type Transformer New Construction and Retrofit Energy Savings Potential (February 2022)

Bonneville’s Energy Efficiency Engineering team collaborated with Washington State University Energy Program to perform a national level review of low-voltage liquid immersed distribution transformer purchasing practices. Amorphous core transformers are not commonly purchased in the Pacific Northwest, yet they have the potential of providing substantial annual energy savings. Amorphous core transformers reduce no-load losses by 50 to 70 percent compared to traditional baseline U.S. Department of Energy 2016 grain-oriented silicon-steel transformers. Additional energy savings may be realized under certain conditions, such as when lightly loaded and when operating under conditions of high harmonic distortion.

See additional insights regarding the purchasing of high efficiency liquid-filled transformers in EPA’s report entitled: ENERGY STAR Guide to Buying Energy Efficient Distribution Transformers.

Reports

Low-Voltage Liquid Immersed Amorphous Core Distribution Transformers (2022)

Refrigeration

Demystifying the Refrigerant Landscape (#62)

September 28, 2017

Learn about the changing refrigerant market and how it may impact your work and your customers. Presentations at this webinar discuss national and international changes in regulations, and explore the potential use of emerging alternatives to replace existing refrigerants. Discussion also includes ongoing and future research, future policy and technological developments, as well as new incentives at some utilities aimed at developing and promoting new natural refrigerant technologies.

Download the webinar presentation.

BPA recognizes Commercial Refrigeration as an important end use in the commercial energy savings portfolio for the region. The Northwest Power And Conservation Council identified commercial refrigeration as the third highest source of commercial conservation savings behind commercial lighting and HVAC systems.

Given the importance of Commercial Refrigeration to meeting future energy savings, BPA began exploring ways to track this energy consumption to better inform measure development. In 2012, the Energy Efficiency Engineering team became aware of a refrigeration performance monitoring system – Climacheck - and decided to use the equipment to monitor commercial refrigeration systems in the BPA region.

BPA continues to work with the data. Possible next steps for the team include:

Provide the data to the RTF to update assumptions in refrigeration UES measures for values of EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio, Btuh/W) and Average Annual Load to Design Load Ratio.
Provide data to be used in future regional end use loads analyses.
Identifying new measures and refining program offerings.
Identifying future research projects to address performance anomalies.
Creating new commercial refrigeration system commissioning programs.

Refrigeration Data Share Webpage

This website provides access to performance data collected from 17 circuits in five different geographical locations during 2017. Data was captured at 1 minute increments 24/7. The data contains up to 129 variables for each circuit, some variables were directly monitored like compressor inlet and outlet temperatures and pressures and compressor 3 phase true power, while other variables were calculated, like system EER. These variables are identified and described in word documents that provide system diagrams and variable names associated with each circuit that has been monitored. An additional document that describes how some of the calculated variables are calculated is also provided.

Additional Reports

Residential Window Coverings: Energy Efficient or Just Nice Looking? (#61)

September 20, 2017

Window coverings and attachments have traditionally been thought of as decorative features in a home, yet new shading materials and control strategies are demonstrating significant energy savings. This webinar presentation features some of the latest research related to energy-efficient window coverings and attachments, including control strategies for operable shading devices to ensure persistent energy savings, and opportunities to increase market acceptance. Information will also be presented on the newly launched Attachment Energy Rating Council (AERC) and its work to develop energy ratings, certifications, and labels for energy-efficient window attachment products.

Download the webinar presentation.

Super-Efficient Dryers – Field and Lab Test Results (#60)

September 7, 2017

Lab and field research on heat pump clothes dryers conducted by the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA) from 2013 through 2016 resulted in 1) a multi-tiered dryer efficiency specification that is the basis of utility energy savings estimates 2) a qualified products list used to promote high efficiency dryers sold in the Pacific Northwest and 3) recommendations on how a future test protocols can be improved. Attend the webinar to hear Christopher Dymond, Senior Product Manager at NEEA, present these findings, as well as results from a non-energy benefits comparison study of heat pump clothes dryers with conventional clothes dryers.

Download the webinar presentation.

Working Together on Emerging Technologies (#59)

August 30, 2017

How can we improve collaboration around emerging technologies in the Pacific Northwest? The Regional Emerging Technology Advisory Committee (RETAC) is doing just that. Mark Rehley, Senior Manager for Emerging Technology at the Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (NEEA), and Dave Kresta, Senior Product Manager at NEEA will share a vision for collaboration and discuss the current state of the emerging technology pipeline. You will learn how to use the new Emerging Technologies database that is available on ConduitNW.org. We will also be looking for your input on priorities for emerging technology for 2018!

Download the webinar presentation.

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Space Conditioning (Residential Buildings)

Variable-capacity Heat Pumps in Ducted Applications toggle

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